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Foundations of Indian Civilization (1500 BCE–300 CE) A. The Indian Subcontinent 1. India has three topographical zones: (1) northern mountains (2) the Indus (wheat) & Ganges Basins (rice) (3) the peninsula 2. Effect of geographical diversity? -difficult to politically unify all of India B. The Vedic Age: Hinduism 1. After demise of Indus Valley civilization, Indo-European warriors migrated into India -herded cattle in NW -Aryans migrated into Ganges Valley -oral tradition tells of light-skinned Arya tribes fighting dark-skinned Dasas Brahmins Kshatriyas 2. struggle led to development of system of varna (means “color”, but means “class”) -born into one of four varna: (1) Brahmin (priests/scholars) (2) Kshatriya (warriors) (3) Vaishya (merchants) (4) Shudra (peasant/laborer) -dalits (untouchables) Vaishyas Shudras 3. four varna subdivided into hereditary work groups called jati (or caste) -complex rules of occupation, duties, & rituals -castes strictly regulated socially 4. System rationalized by belief in reincarnation -each individual has immortal spirit (atman) that will be reborn in another body after death -one’s station in next life depends on one’s actions (karma) in this and previous lives 5. holy scriptures: Vedas C. The Rise of Hinduism 1. Pressure from new religions caused reform of old Vedic religion: animal sacrifice became less important, while personal devotion to the gods increased 2. two deities take central role: Vishnu (preserver) and Shiva (destroyer) -Brahma (creator) -all other deities are manifestations of a single divine force 3. Hindu worship centered on temples & shrines -includes pilgrimage to Ganges River 4. Hinduism dominant religion of India (over 850,000 followers) HINDU TEMPLES D. Karma & Dharma Karma: actions in this life that affect the next Dharma: the religious and moral duties of an individual Sacred texts: Vedas & Upanishads E. Religions of Salvation: Jainism & Buddhism 1. During Vedic period: people against rigid social hierarchy self-isolated into forests -pursued salvation through yoga (mind & body), special diets, or meditation -goal was to achieve moksha (liberation from cycle reincarnation) 2. Jainism: practiced nonviolence & went to extremes in attempts not to kill any living thing -some went naked & starved themselves to death… Jainists 3. Prince Siddhartha Gautama founded Buddhism…title “Buddha,” means “Enlightened One” 4. set forth teaching of Four Noble Truths (life is suffering; desire causes suffering) and of the Eightfold Path that would lead to enlightenment -some took vows of celibacy, nonviolence, and poverty bodhi tree where Siddhartha reached enlightenment… pagodas– symbolize peace Buddha’s Birth Buddha’s First Sermon 5. original form of Buddhism: gain enlightenment through living a moral life, meditation, & moderate living (Middle Path) -achieve nirvana (release from reincarnation) 6. After Buddha’s death, followers organized monasteries -two branches developed: Mahayana & Theravada (followed original teachings) Mahayana: social hierarchy, worshipping Buddha, & Bodhisattvas The Wheel of Life, otherwise called the Cycle of Samsara (material existence) explains the process of death and rebirth. In the very center, there is a rooster chasing a pig chasing a snake chasing the rooster -- craving, hatred, and ignorance. Around that are people ascending the white semicircle of life, and others descending the black semicircle of death. Spread of Buddhism Buddhas