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all loops
• initialization – set up the loop
• decision – control for when to stop loop
(continue while condition is true)
• update – you must “approach” the false
condition in some way
• body – the group of actions that you will
take while the loop is executing
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Control Structures to Objects
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Chapter 4
Slide #1
The while Loop
• While loop is a “pre-condition” loop
• The decision comes first
• Example: WhileLoop.java
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Chapter 4
Slide #2
The while loop Flowchart
boolean
expression?
true
statement(s)
false
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Chapter 4
Slide #3
The do-while Loop
• The do-while loop is a post-test loop, which
means it will execute the loop prior to
testing the condition.
• The do-while loop, more commonly called a
do loop, takes the form:
do{
statements
}while(condition);
• Example: TestAverage1.java
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Chapter 4
Slide #4
The do-while Loop Flowchart
statement(s)
boolean
expression?
true
false
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Control Structures to Objects
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Chapter 4
Slide #5
The for Loop
• The for loop is a specialized form of the while loop,
meaning it is a pre-test loop.
• The for loop allows the programmer to initialize a
control variable, test a condition, and modify the
control variable all in one line of code.
• The for loop takes the form:
for(initialization; test; update)
{
loop statements;
}
• Example: Squares.java
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Control Structures to Objects
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Chapter 4
Slide #6
The for Loop Flowchart
boolean
expression?
true
statement(s)
update
false
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Chapter 4
Slide #7
The Sections of The for Loop
• The initialization section of the for loop
allows the loop to initialize its own control
variable.
• The test section of the for statement acts in
the same manner as the condition section of
a while loop.
• The update section of the for loop is the last
thing to execute at the end of each loop.
• Example: UserSquares.java
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Chapter 4
Slide #8
The for Loop Initialization
• The initialization section of a for loop is optional;
however, it is usually provided.
• Typically, for loops initialize a counting variable
that will be tested by the test section of the loop
and updated by the update section.
• The initialization section can initialize multiple
variables.
• Variables declared in this section have scope only
for the for loop.
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Chapter 4
Slide #9
The Update Expression
• The update expression is usually used to
increment or decrement the counting variable(s)
declared in the initialization section of the for
loop.
• The update section of the loop executes last in the
loop.
• The update section may update multiple variables.
• Each variable updated is executed as if it were on
a line by itself.
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Chapter 4
Slide #10
Modifying The Control Variable
• It is bad programming style to update the
control variable of a for loop within the
body of the loop.
• The update section should be used to update
the control variable.
• Updating the control variable in the for loop
body leads to hard to maintain code and
difficult debugging.
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Control Structures to Objects
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Chapter 4
Slide #11
Multiple Initializations and
Updates
• The for loop may initialize and update
multiple variables.
for(int i = 5, int j = 0; i < 10 || j < 20; i++, j+=2){
loop statements;
}
• Note that the only parts of a for loop that
are mandatory are the semicolons.
for(;;){
loop statements;
}//infinite loop.
• If left out, the test section defaults to true.
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Control Structures to Objects
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Chapter 4
Slide #12
Running Totals
• Loops allow the program to keep running
totals while evaluating data.
• Imagine needing to keep a running total of
user input.
• Example: TotalSales.java
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Chapter 4
Slide #13
Sentinel Values
• Sometimes (usually) the end point of input data is
not known.
• A sentinel value can be used to notify the program
to stop acquiring input.
• If it is a user input, the user could be prompted to
input data that is not normally in the input data
range (i.e. –1 where normal input would be
positive.)
• Programs that get file input typically use the endof-file marker to stop acquiring input data.
• Example: SoccerPoints.java
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Chapter 4
Slide #14
Nested Loops
• Like if statements, loops can be nested.
• If a loop is nested, the inner loop will execute all
of its iterations for each time the outer loop
executes once.
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
for(int j = 0; j < 10; j++)
loop statements;
• The loop statements in this example will execute
100 times.
• Example: Clock.java
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Chapter 4
Slide #15
The break And continue
Statements
• The break statement can be used to
abnormally terminate a loop.
• The use of the break statement in loops
bypasses the normal mechanisms and makes
the code hard to read and maintain.
• It is considered bad form to use the break
statement in this manner.
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Chapter 4
Slide #16
The continue Statement
• The continue statement will cause the
currently executing iteration of a loop to
terminate and the next iteration will begin.
• The continue statement will cause the
evaluation of the condition in while and for
loops.
• Like the break statement, the continue
statement should be avoided because it
makes the code hard to read and debug.
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Control Structures to Objects
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Chapter 4
Slide #17
Deciding Which Loops to Use
• The while loop:
• Pretest loop
• Use it where you do not want the statements to execute
if the condition is false in the beginning.
• The do-while loop:
• Post-test loop
• Use it where you want the statements to execute at least
one time.
• The for loop:
• Pretest loop
• Use it where there is some type of counting variable
that can be evaluated.
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Chapter 4
Slide #18
File Input and Output
• Reentering data all the time could get tedious for
the user.
• The data can be saved to a file.
• Files can be input files or output files.
• Files:
• Files have to be opened.
• Data is then written to the file.
• The file must be closed prior to program termination.
• In general, there are two types of files:
• binary
• text
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Chapter 4
Slide #19
Writing Data To a File
• Objects from the following classes are used
to write data to files:
• FileWriter – This class allows basic file writing
functionality.
• PrintWriter – This class allows the programmer
to write files using the same style that is used to
write to the screen (i.e. print and println).
•
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Chapter 4
Slide #20
The FileWriter Class
• The FileWriter clas provides other classes
with the basic file writing functionality.
System.out.println(“Enter the filename.”);
filename = Keyboard.readString();
FileWriter fwriter = new FileWriter(filename);
• This will create an object that can access the
file filename.
• Warning: if the file already exists, it will be
erased and replaced with the new file.
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Control Structures to Objects
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Chapter 4
Slide #21
The PrintWriter Class
• The PrintWriter class adds to the functionality
of the FileWriter class.
• The PrintWriter cannot directly access the file
but must work through the FileWriter class.
• The PrintWriter needs a FileWriter object in
order to work:
FileWriter fwriter = new FileWriter("StudentData.txt");
PrintWriter outputFile = new PrintWriter(fwriter);
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Chapter 4
Slide #22
The PrintWriter Class
• Once linked to the fwriter object, the
outputFile object can talk to the file.
outputFile.open();
outputFile.println(“Jim”);
outputFile.close();
• Just as with the System.out object, the println
method of the PrintWriter class will place a
newline character after the written data.
• The print method can be used to avoid writing
the newline character.
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Control Structures to Objects
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Chapter 4
Slide #23
Exceptions
• When something unexpected happens in a
Java program, an exception is thrown.
• The method currently executing when the
exception is thrown must either handle the
exception or pass it up the line.
• Handling the exception will be discussed
later.
• To pass it up the line, the method needs a
throws clause in the method header.
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Control Structures to Objects
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Chapter 4
Slide #24
Exceptions
• To insert a throws clause in a method header, simply
add the word throws and the name of the expected
exception.
• The class Exception can be used to catch all
exceptions.
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException{…}
• File I/O is a checked exception (meaning the
exception must be handled or passed up).
• A program with file I/O will generate a compile-time
error if the exception is not handled or passed up.
• Example: FileWriteDemo.java
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Chapter 4
Slide #25
Appending Text to a File
• To avoid erasing a file that already exists:
• Create a FileWriter object using an optional
boolean argument that tells the object to append
data to the file.
FileWriter fwriter = new FileWriter(“filename”, true);
• Data written to a file created in such a
manner will be appended to the end of the
current file.
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Chapter 4
Slide #26
Specifying a File Location
Windows’ Crazy Backslash
• Windows evolved from DOS.
• Since DOS was simply a hacked version of
CP/M, it maintained the backslash (\) as a
directory separator.
• Remember, if the backslash is used in a
String literal, it is the escape character so
there must be two of them.
FileWriter fwriter = new FileWriter("A:\\PriceList.txt");
PrintWriter outputFile = new PrintWriter(fwriter);
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Control Structures to Objects
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Chapter 4
Slide #27
Specifying a File Location
• This is only necessary if the backslash is in
a String literal.
• If the backslash is in a String object then it
will be handled properly.
• Fortunately, Java allows Unix style
filenames using the forward slash (/) to
separate directories.
FileWriter fwriter = new
FileWriter("/home/rharrison/names.txt");
PrintWriter outputFile = new PrintWriter(fwriter);
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Control Structures to Objects
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Chapter 4
Slide #28
Reading Data From a File
• Java provides several classes to read data from
a file.
• FileReader
• Open an existing file for reading and establish a
connection with it.
• BufferedReader
• Uses a buffer to allow the reading of full lines of text at a
time rather than one byte at a time.
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Control Structures to Objects
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Chapter 4
Slide #29
The FileReader and
BufferedReader Classes
System.out.print("Enter the filename: ");
filename = Keyboard.readString();
FileReader freader = new FileReader(filename);
BufferedReader inputFile = new BufferedReader(freader);
• The lines above:
• Prompt the user for a filename.
• Get the filename from the user.
• Create an instance of the FileReader class that is
associated with the filename.
• Create an instance of the BufferedReader class that
buffers the instance of the FileReader class.
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Control Structures to Objects
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Chapter 4
Slide #30
The FileReader and
BufferedReader Classes
• Once an instance of BufferedReader is
created, lines of text can be read in.
customerName = inputFile.readLine();
• A file pointer is created when the file is first
opened.
• As the file is read, the pointer moves to
indicate the text that is to be read next.
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Control Structures to Objects
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Chapter 4
Slide #31
Exceptions
• The FileReader and BufferedReader classes
can throw exceptions.
• A throws IOException clause needs to be
placed on the method header of the method
that instantiates a FileReader or
BufferedReader object.
• Also, any method that uses a FileReader or
BufferedReader needs a throws IOException
clause.
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Control Structures to Objects
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Chapter 4
Slide #32
Detecting The End of a File
• The readLine() method of the BufferedReader class will
return null if the end of the file has been reached.
FileReader freader = new FileReader(filename);
BufferedReader inputFile = new BufferedReader(freader);
// Read the first item.
String str = inputFile.readLine();
// If an item was read, display it
// and read the remaining items.
while (str != null)
{
System.out.println(str);
str = inputFile.readLine();
}
inputFile.close();// close the file when done.
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Control Structures to Objects
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Chapter 4
Slide #33
Reading a File Flowchart
Open the file
Read the first item
(priming read)
Example:
FileReadDemo.java
Did
readLine()
return null?
Process the item
Read next item
Close the file
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Chapter 4
Slide #34
String Value Conversion
• The readLine() method of the
BufferedReader class only reads in text as a
String object.
• Strings that represent numbers can be
converted and stored into primitive
variables.
• Java provides wrapper classes that make
conversion easy.
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Chapter 4
Slide #35
String Value Conversion
Method
Description
Integer.parseInt(str)
This method accepts a string that contains a
number and returns the number as an int.
Short.parseShort(str)
This method accepts a string that contains a
number and returns the number as a short.
Byte.parseByte(str)
This method accepts a string that contains a
number and returns the number as a byte.
Long.parseLong(str)
This method accepts a string that contains a
number and returns the number as a long.
Float.parseFloat(str)
This method accepts a string that contains a
number and returns the number as a float.
Double.parseDouble(str)
This method accepts a string that contains a
number and returns the number as a double.
Example: FileSum.java
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Chapter 4
Slide #36
The Random Class
• Some applications, such as games and
simulations, require the use of randomly
generated numbers.
• The Java API has a class, Random, for this
purpose. To use the Random class, use the
import statement and create an instance of
the class.
import java.util.Random;
Random randomNumbers = new Random();
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Control Structures to Objects
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Chapter 4
Slide #37
Some Methods of the
Random Class
Method
Description
nextDouble()
Returns the next random number as a double. The number
will be within the range of 0.0 and 1.0.
nextFloat()
Returns the next random number as a float. The number
will be within the range of 0.0 and 1.0.
nextInt()
Returns the next random number as an int. The number
will be within the range of an int, which is –2,147,483,648
to +2,147,483,648.
nextInt(int n) This method accepts an integer argument, n. It returns a
random number as an int. The number will be within the
range of 0 to n.
Example: MathTutor.java
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Chapter 4
Slide #38