Download Compiler and Runtime Support for Efficient Software Transactional

Compiler and Runtime Support
for Efficient
Software Transactional Memory
Vijay Menon
Programming Systems Lab
Ali-Reza Adl-Tabatabai, Brian T. Lewis,
Brian R. Murphy, Bratin Saha, Tatiana Shpeisman
Motivation
Locks are hard to get right
• Programmability vs scalability
Transactional memory is appealing alternative
• Simpler programming model
• Stronger guarantees
•Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation
•Deadlock avoidance
• Closer to programmer intent
• Scalable implementations
Questions
• How to lower TM overheads – particularly in software?
• How to balance granularity / scalability?
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Our System
Java Software Transactional Memory (STM) System
– Pure software implementation (McRT-STM – PPoPP ’06)
– Language extensions in Java (Polyglot)
– Integrated with JVM & JIT (ORP & StarJIT)
Novel Features
–
–
–
–
–
–
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Rich transactional language constructs in Java
Efficient, first class nested transactions
Complete GC support
Risc-like STM API / IR
Compiler optimizations
Per-type word and object level conflict detection
Transactional Java → Java
Transactional Java
atomic {
Standard Java + STM API
while(true) {
TxnHandle th = txnStart();
S;
try {
}
S’;
break;
} finally {
Other Language Constructs
•
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if(!txnCommit(th))
Built on prior research
–
–
–
–
retry (STM Haskell, …)
orelse (STM Haskell)
tryatomic (Fortress)
when (X10, …)
continue;
}
}
Tight integration with JVM & JIT
StarJIT & ORP
• On-demand cloning of methods (Harris ’03)
• Identifies transactional regions in Java+STM code
• Inserts read/write barriers in transactional code
• Maps STM API to first class opcodes in StarJIT IR (STIR)
Good compiler representation →
greater optimization opportunities
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Representing Read/Write Barriers
Traditional barriers hide redundant locking/logging
atomic {
…
a.x = t1
a.y = t2
if(a.z == 0) {
stmWr(&a.x, t1)
stmWr(&a.y, t2)
if(stmRd(&a.z) != 0) {
a.x = 0
stmWr(&a.x, 0);
a.z = t3
}
}
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stmWr(&a.z, t3)
}
An STM IR for Optimization
Redundancies exposed:
txnOpenForWrite(a)
txnLogObjectInt(&a.x, a)
a.x = t1
txnOpenForWrite(a)
atomic {
a.x = t1
txnLogObjectInt(&a.y, a)
a.y = t2
a.y = t2
txnOpenForRead(a)
if(a.z == 0) {
if(a.z != 0) {
txnOpenForWrite(a)
a.x = 0
txnLogObjectInt(&a.x, a)
a.z = t3
a.x = 0
}
txnOpenForWrite(a)
txnLogObjectInt(&a.z, a)
}
a.z = t3
}
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Optimized Code
Fewer & cheaper STM operations
txnOpenForWrite(a)
txnLogObjectInt(&a.x, a)
atomic {
a.x = t1
a.y = t2
if(a.z == 0) {
a.x = 0
a.x = t1
txnLogObjectInt(&a.y, a)
a.y = t2
if(a.z != 0) {
a.x = 0
a.z = t3
}
a)
}
a.y = t3
}
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txnLogObjectInt(&a.z,
Compiler Optimizations for Transactions
Standard optimizations
•
•
CSE, Dead-code-elimination, …
•
Subtle in presence of nesting
Careful IR representation exposes opportunities and enables
optimizations with almost no modifications
STM-specific optimizations
•
•
•
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Immutable field / class detection & barrier removal (vtable/String)
Transaction-local object detection & barrier removal
Partial inlining of STM fast paths to eliminate call overhead
McRT-STM
PPoPP 2006 (Saha, et. al.)
• C / C++ STM
• Pessimistic Writes:
– strict two-phase locking
– update in place
– undo on abort
• Optimistic Reads:
– versioning
– validation before commit
• Benefits
– Fast memory accesses (no buffering / object wrapping)
– Minimal copying (no cloning for large objects)
– Compatible with existing types & libraries
Similar STMs: Ennals (FastSTM), Harris, et.al (PLDI ’06)
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STM Data Structures
Per-thread:
• Transaction Descriptor
– Per-thread info for version validation, acquired locks, rollback
– Maintained in Read / Write / Undo logs
• Transaction Memento
– Checkpoint of logs for nesting / partial rollback
Per-data:
• Transaction Record
– Pointer-sized field guarding a set of shared data
– Transactional state of data
• Shared: Version number (odd)
• Exclusive: Owner’s transaction descriptor (even / aligned)
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Mapping Data to Transaction Record
Every data item has an associated transaction record
class Foo {
Object
int x;
granularity
int y;
}
Word
granularity
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class Foo {
int x;
int y;
}
Transaction
record embedded
In object
vtbl
TxR
x
y
vtbl
hash
x
y
TxR1
TxR2
TxR3
…
TxRn
Object words hash
into table of TxRs
Hash is
f(obj.hash, offset)
Granularity of Conflict Detection
Object-level
• Cheaper operation
• Exposes CSE opportunities
• Lower overhead on 1P
Word-level
// Thread 1
a.x = …
a.y = …
• Reduces false sharing
• Better scalability
Mix & Match
• Per type basis
• E.g., word-level for arrays,
object-level for non-arrays
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// Thread 2
… = … a.z …
Experiments
16-way 2.2 GHz Xeon with 16 GB shared memory
• L1: 8KB, L2: 512 KB, L3: 2MB, L4: 64MB (per four)
Workloads
• Hashtable, Binary tree, OO7 (OODBMS)
– Mix of gets, in-place updates, insertions, and removals
• Object-level conflict detection by default
– Word / mixed where beneficial
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Effective of Compiler Optimizations
1P overheads over thread-unsafe baseline
90%
% Overhead on 1P
80%
70%
Synchronized
60%
No STM Opt
50%
+Base STM Opt
40%
+Immutability
30%
+Txn Local
20%
+Fast Path Inlining
10%
0%
HashMap
TreeMap
Prior STMs typically incur ~2x on 1P
With compiler optimizations:
- < 40% over no concurrency control
- < 30% over synchronization
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Scalability: Java HashMap Shootout
Unsafe (java.util.HashMap)
•
Thread-unsafe w/o Concurrency Control
Synchronized
•
Coarse-grain synchronization via SynchronizedMap wrapper
Concurrent (java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap)
•
•
•
Multi-year effort: JSR 166 -> Java 5
Optimized for concurrent gets (no locking)
For updates, divides bucket array into 16 segments (size / locking)
Atomic
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Transactional version via “AtomicMap” wrapper
Atomic Prime
•
Transactional version with minor hand optimization
• Tracks size per segment ala ConcurrentHashMap
Execution
•
•
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10,000,000 operations / 200,000 elements
Defaults: load factor, threshold, concurrency level
Speedup over 1P Unsafe
Scalability: 100% Gets
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
4
8
12
16
# of Processors
Unsafe
Synchronized
Atomic (No Opt)
Atomic
Concurrent
Atomic wrapper is competitive with ConcurrentHashMap
Effect of compiler optimizations scale
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Speedup over 1P Unsafe
Scalability: 20% Gets / 80% Updates
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
4
8
12
16
# of Processors
Synchronized
Concurrent
Atomic (No Opt)
ConcurrentHashMap thrashes on 16 segments
Atomic still scales
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Atomic
Speedup over 1P Unsafe
20% Inserts and Removes
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
4
8
12
16
# of Processors
Synchronized
Concurrent
Atomic conflicts on entire bucket array
- The array is an object
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Atomic
Speedup over 1P Unsafe
20% Inserts and Removes: Word-Level
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
4
8
12
16
# of Processors
Synchronized
Concurrent
Object Atomic
Word Atomic
We still conflict on the single size field in java.util.HashMap
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Speedup over 1P Unsafe
20% Inserts and Removes: Atomic Prime
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
4
8
12
16
# of Processors
Synchronized
Object Atomic
Word Atomic Prime
Concurrent
Word Atomic
Atomic Prime tracks size / segment – lowering bottleneck
No degradation, modest performance gain
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Speedup over 1P Unsafe
20% Inserts and Removes: Mixed-Level
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
4
8
12
16
# of Processors
Synchronized
Object Atomic
Word Atomic Prime
Concurrent
Word Atomic
Mixed Atomic Prime
Mixed-level preserves wins & reduces overheads
-word-level for arrays
-object-level for non-arrays
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Key Takeaways
Optimistic reads + pessimistic writes is nice sweet
spot
Compiler optimizations significantly reduce STM
overhead
- 20-40% over thread-unsafe
- 10-30% over synchronized
Simple atomic wrappers sometimes good enough
Minor modifications give competitive performance to
complex fine-grain synchronization
Word-level contention is crucial for large arrays
Mixed contention provides best of both
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Novel Contributions
Rich transactional language constructs in Java
Efficient, first class nested transactions
Complete GC support
Risc-like STM API
Compiler optimizations
Per-type word and object level conflict detection
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