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Exercise #2: Process
Creation/Termination and
Interprocess Communication
J. H. Wang
Mar. 30, 2010
Objectives
• To get you familiar with program
development in Linux and Windows
• To learn how to create and terminate a
process
• To understand the major system calls for
interprocess communication
Processes
• Monitoring processes
– Ctrl-Alt-Del (in Windows)
– ps –el (in UNIX/Linux)
• Running processes in background
– <command> &
• Put background process into foreground
– fg
• Terminating a process
– kill -9 <pid>
Program Compilation
• UNIX-like environment
– Cygwin
– Remote host
• telnet 140.124.13.2 (SunOS)
– Linux
– Virtual machine running Linux (via VMPlayer)
• Editors
– UNIX: vi, joe, …
– Windows: notepad, …
• Compilers
– UNIX: gcc, …
– Windows: Dev-C++, Visual C++, …
Process Creation in UNIX
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main()
{
pid_t pid;
/* fork another process */
pid =
? ();
if (pid < 0) { /* error occurred */
fprintf(stderr, "Fork Failed");
exit(-1);
}
else if (pid == 0) { /* child process */
execlp("/bin/ls", "ls", NULL);
}
else { /* parent process */
/* parent will wait for the child to complete */
?
(NULL);
printf ("Child Complete");
exit(0);
}
}
Process Creation in Win32
#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main( VOID )
{
STARTUPINFO si;
PROCESS_INFORMATION pi;
ZeroMemory( &si, sizeof(si) );
si.cb = sizeof(si);
ZeroMemory( &pi, sizeof(pi) );
// Start the child process.
if( !
)
{
?
( NULL, // No module name (use command line).
"C:\\WINDOWS\\system32\\mspaint.exe", // Command line.
NULL,
// Process handle not inheritable.
NULL,
// Thread handle not inheritable.
FALSE,
// Set handle inheritance to FALSE.
0,
// No creation flags.
NULL,
// Use parent's environment block.
NULL,
// Use parent's starting directory.
&si,
// Pointer to STARTUPINFO structure.
&pi )
// Pointer to PROCESS_INFORMATION structure.
printf( "CreateProcess failed (%d).\n", GetLastError() );
return -1;
}
// Wait until child process exits.
?
( pi.hProcess, INFINITE );
// Close process and thread handles.
CloseHandle( pi.hProcess );
CloseHandle( pi.hThread );
}
Exercises
• Process creation in UNIX: Ex. 3.13
• Process creation in Win32: Ex. 3.14
Interprocess Communication
• POSIX shared-memory (Fig. 3.16)
• socket (Fig. 3.19, 3.20)
• pipes (Fig. 3.23-3.27)
– ordinary pipes in UNIX
– anonymous pipes in Windows
– named pipes
POSIX Shared Memory API
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
int main()
{
/* the identifier for the shared memory segment */
int segment_id;
/* a pointer to the shared memory segment */
char* shared_memory;
/* the size (in bytes) of the shared memory segment */
const int segment_size = 4096;
/** allocate a shared memory segment */
segment_id = ? (IPC_PRIVATE, segment_size, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
/** attach the shared memory segment */
shared_memory = (char *) ? (segment_id, NULL, 0);
printf("shared memory segment %d attached at address %p\n", segment_id,
shared_memory);
/** write a message to the shared memory segment */
sprintf(shared_memory, "Hi there!");
/** now print out the string from shared memory */
printf("*%s*\n", shared_memory);
}
/** now detach the shared memory segment */
if ( ? (shared_memory) == -1) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to detach\n");
}
/** now remove the shared memory segment */
shmctl(segment_id, IPC_RMID, NULL);
return 0;
Socket
• To be explained in computer network
programming
• BSD socket
• Java socket
• WinSock
A Sample Date Client in Java
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class DateClient
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
// this could be changed to an IP name or address other than the localhost
Socket sock = new Socket("127.0.0.1",6013);
InputStream in = sock.getInputStream();
BufferedReader bin = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));
String line;
while( (line = bin.readLine()) != null)
System.out.println(line);
sock.close();
}
}
}
catch (IOException ioe) {
System.err.println(ioe);
}
A Sample Date Server in Java
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class DateServer
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
ServerSocket sock = new ServerSocket(6013);
// now listen for connections
while (true) {
Socket client = sock.accept();
// we have a connection
PrintWriter pout = new PrintWriter(client.getOutputStream(),
true);
// write the Date to the socket
pout.println(new java.util.Date().toString());
// close the socket and resume listening for more connections
client.close();
}
}
catch (IOException ioe) {
System.err.println(ioe);
}
}
}
Ordinary Pipes in UNIX
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <string.h>
#define BUFFER_SIZE 25
#define READ_END
#define WRITE_END
0
1
int main(void)
{
char write_msg[BUFFER_SIZE] = "Greetings";
char read_msg[BUFFER_SIZE];
pid_t pid;
int fd[2];
/** create the pipe */
if ( ? (fd) == -1) {
fprintf(stderr,"Pipe failed");
return 1;
}
/** now fork a child process */
pid = ? ();
if (pid < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "Fork failed");
return 1;
}
if (pid > 0) { /* parent process */
/* close the unused end of the pipe */
close(fd[READ_END]);
/* write to the pipe */
? (fd[WRITE_END], write_msg, strlen(write_msg)+1);
}
/* close the write end of the pipe */
close(fd[WRITE_END]);
else { /* child process */
/* close the unused end of the pipe */
close(fd[WRITE_END]);
/* read from the pipe */
? (fd[READ_END], read_msg, BUFFER_SIZE);
printf("child read %s\n",read_msg);
}
}
/* close the write end of the pipe */
close(fd[READ_END]);
return 0;
Anonymous Pipes in Windows –
Parent Process
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <windows.h>
#define BUFFER_SIZE 25
int main(VOID)
{
HANDLE ReadHandle, WriteHandle;
STARTUPINFO si;
PROCESS_INFORMATION pi;
char message[BUFFER_SIZE] = "Greetings";
DWORD written;
/* set up security attributes so that pipe handles are inherited */
SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES sa = {sizeof(SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES), NULL,TRUE};
/* allocate memory */
ZeroMemory(&pi, sizeof(pi));
/* create the pipe */
if ( !
?
(&ReadHandle, &WriteHandle, &sa, 0)) {
fprintf(stderr,"Create Pipe Failed\n");
return 1;
}
/* establish the START_INFO structure for the child process */
GetStartupInfo(&si);
si.hStdError = GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE);
si.hStdOutput = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
/* redirect the standard input to the read end of the pipe */
si.hStdInput = ReadHandle;
si.dwFlags = STARTF_USESTDHANDLES;
/* we do not want the child to inherit the write end of the pipe */
SetHandleInformation( WriteHandle, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, 0);
/* create the child process */
if (!
?
(NULL,
".\\child.exe", NULL, NULL,
TRUE, /* inherit handles */
0, NULL, NULL,
&si,
&pi))
{
fprintf(stderr, "Process Creation Failed\n");
return -1;
}
/* close the unused end of the pipe */
CloseHandle(ReadHandle);
/* the parent now wants to write to the pipe */
if (!
?
(WriteHandle, message, BUFFER_SIZE, &written, NULL))
fprintf(stderr, "Error writing to pipe\n");
/* close the write end of the pipe */
CloseHandle(WriteHandle);
/* wait for the child to exit */
?
(pi.hProcess, INFINITE);
/* close all handles */
CloseHandle(pi.hProcess);
CloseHandle(pi.hThread);
}
Anonymous Pipes in Windows –
Child Process
#include <stdio.h>
#include <windows.h>
#define BUFFER_SIZE 25
int main(VOID)
{
HANDLE ReadHandle, WriteHandle;
CHAR buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
DWORD read;
ReadHandle = GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE);
WriteHandle= GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
/* have the child read from the pipe */
if (
?
(ReadHandle, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, &read, NULL))
printf("child: >%s<",buffer);
else
fprintf(stderr, "Child: Error reading from pipe\n");
return 0;
}
Named Pipes
• FIFO in UNIX
–
–
–
–
–
mkfifo()
open()
read()
write()
close()
• Named pipes in Windows
–
–
–
–
CreateNamedPipe()
ConnectNamedPipe()
ReadFile()
WriteFile()
Exercises
• POSIX shared memory: Ex. 3.17, 3.20
• Ordinary pipes: Ex. 3.18, 3.19,
• Java socket: Ex. 3.15, 3.16
Further Reading
• Programming Project 3.21: POSIX
Message Passing
–
–
–
–
Overview
The message passing system
Creating the processes
Implementation hints