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Transcript
World War I and Its Aftermath Chapter 23/25 Nationalism and Alliances On the eve of World War I, Europe was consumed with nationalism • Slavs in the Balkans, Central Europe • Poles in Russia • Irish in British occupied Ireland The Triple Alliance (Central, Axis) • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy The Triple Entente (Allies) • France, Great Britain, Russia Militarism Aggressive Preparation for War The Empires were building massive armies as tensions grew. • Russia, 2 million • France, 1 million • Germany, 1 million Conscription – mandatory service Military leaders more influential in politics. Government decisions based on what was best for army, not society Balkan Crisis 1914 – Serbia wanted independence for Bosnia, which was a province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. • Supported by Russia To calm the tension Archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to the throne) visits Sarajevo (the capital) He and his wife are assassinated on June 28, 1914 by Gavrillo Princip • The Black Hand (terrorist group) • Serbia was behind the attack. The Response Austria-Hungary wanted to attack Serbia, but was afraid of Russia’s wrath – goes to Germany With German backing, AustriaHungary declares war on Serbia, July 28, 1914 - World War I begins. Russia immediately mobilizes to support Serbia. Entrance of UK and France Germany sees Russian mobilization as an act of war against them; warns them to call off. Russia ignores, Germany declares war on Russia on August 1. Russia notifies France. Schlieffen Plan – keep Russia busy while Germans invade France • Dual front war • Do not let France & Russia hook up – disastrous • Knock France out, concentrate on Russia When France remained allied with Russia, Germany declared war on August 4; moved into Belgium to prepare for attack. Great Britain declares war on Germany for violating Belgian neutrality E U R O P E 1914 “Splendid Little War” Total War Increased Government Intervention in Economies • Planned Economies – military central Very popular among Europeans Tremendous amount of volunteers into army, Red Cross, aid associations, etc. • Women Industrial labor Propelled suffrage forward Propaganda campaigns • Carefully controlling media to manipulate public opinion in support of a given cause Propaganda Posters The Western Front German advance was halted at the Battle Of Marne • Sept 6-10, 1914 War quickly stalemates in the trenches of Belgium and Northern France. Trench Warfare Elaborate defense systems dug into the ground Needed protection from accurate and deadly weaponry Protected by Barbed Wire, Machine gun nests, and heavy long–range artillery Massive charges out of the trenches to gain land • No Man’s Land Very little progress became a war of attrition – waiting it out World War I at Sea Despite tremendous advances in naval technology, war stayed on land. • Central Powers recognized advantage of British on water • Only one major sea battle was fought, Jutland (1916) No decisive victory British had intense blockage of German waters Germans used U-boats (submarines) to run the blockage and destroy British battle ships The Eastern Front Russian advance halted at Tannenberg, Germany- Aug 30, 1914. German army overpowers the Russians push them back to their own soil • Russia is never a threat to Germany • Russians sustain almost 2.5 million casualties 19141915 Austria is attacked by Italy in March, 1915 – Italians change sides. Germany pushes Italians out, saves AustriaHungary Bulgaria enters the war, and helps Germany attack Serbia - eliminates them from the war The War Spreads The Ottoman Empire enters the war in 1915 • Both Central and Allies wanted control of the Black Sea – Turks join Central Powers after insulted by British • Gallipoli – 1915 – Ottomans & Bulgarians defeat British Australian troops • T.E. Lawrence “of Arabia” – guerilla warfare; turns war in favor of British with aid of nationalist Arab tribes The United States officially enters the War, 1917 • Unrestricted submarine warfare against merchant ships • The Sinking of the Lusitania, 1915 – 1100 Civilians killed when Germans torpedoed luxury liner en route from New York to England – over 100 were American • Zimmerman Note – Germans attempted to bring Mexico into the war against US The New Technology of War Airplanes Poison Gas U Boats Machine Guns Tanks Heavy Artillery The End Winter 1917 – Russia leaves the war due to internal civil war Erich von Ludendorff – new German commander, orders advance on Paris to break monotony of war Germans pushed back by newly arriving Americans • Fresh to war • Revitalize Allied efforts German government in chaos as Kaiser abdicates and flees Germany Germans call for armistice on Nov 11, 1918. WWI In Numbers Of the 65 million troops deployed 1914-1919, we estimate 10 million were killed in action, and another 22 million were wounded Another 9 million civilians were killed in attacks and war related famines. A flu epidemic killed nearly 50 million people globally in 1918 – many historian attribute the War’s use of medical resources as a reason for this. The Paris Peace Conference -1919 Hosted by “Big Four” • • • • Woodrow Wilson, U.S. David Lloyd George, U.K. George Clemenceau, France Vitorrio Orlando, Italy All but U.S. wanted to punish Germany League of Nations created • International peace keeping body designed to prevent future wars by settling disputes diplomatically Armies would be used only as a last resort – neutral peace keepers • US Never Joins – Senate refused to give LN access to US military forces The Treaty of Versailles Germany had to pay reparations (damages) to France and England Germans had to cut military, eliminate air force & reduce navy • Plunges Germany into horrible depression France given Alsace & Lorraine; demilitarization zone along Rhine River Germany’s Asian and African colonies given to France & UK Ottoman Empire broken up – Middle East possessions to France & UK • Did not grant independence as promised. Austria-Hungary split, establishment of independent Poland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia 1919 1914 Failures of the Treaty of Versailles Forced all guilt of war on Germany • Created a rebellious and resentful culture that would be ripe for the ideas of Nazism As so many pre-war economies were militarycentric, even the Allied nations experienced significant economic depression after the war. League of Nations was dominated by the UK and France, used it as an extension of imperialistic authority – very ineffective, not taken seriously. • Racial bias obvious – no African or Asian countries given independence, only European. Multicultural tensions in Central Europe unchanged with national statuses. Russia on the Eve of Revolution Unpopular Romanov Dynasty • Absolute government still in place Industrially behind Europe • Overworked workers striking constantly • 80% of population were rural peasants Facing defeat in WWI • Czar insisted in personally overseeing military despite no military training • Lack of supplies • Millions killed or wounded The March Revolution, 1917 Industrial Workers Strike called by Soviets (unions)– protesting war • Supported by Duma (Parliament) who wanted peace Czar Nicholas II orders military action against strikes. • Militarty refuses, turns on czar. The Soviets, Duma and military take over St. Petersburg • Czar Nicholas II forced off throne; exiled Provisional Liberal government set up under Aleksandr Kerensky • Loose republican state – small middle class and nobility in control Lenin and the Bolsheviks Vladimir Illyich Lenin Bolsheviks – faction of the Russian Social Democrats March Revolution not aggressive enough • Power should be in the hands of workers (extreme Marxist) • Forced re-distribution of wealth November Revolution, 1917 Bolsheviks take over Duma by winning majority in elections. Create new party – the Communist Party Lenin comes to power - overthrows Kerensky government Treaty of Brest-Litovisk • Russia cedes Poland to Germany in exchange for release of war Russia under Lenin Not invited to Paris Peace Conference – West afraid All public and private property seized Government control of banks and industry State regulated agriculture Russia isolated from West – Lenin hated capitalist nations Establishment of Cheka & KGB– secret police, enforced Lenin’s policies Removal of Orthodox patriarchy Red and White Civil War 1918-1921 Red Army • Soviet Communists, pro-Lenin • Led by Leon Trotsky White Army • Czarist loyalists, nobility, religiously faithful peasants, ethnic minorities – anti-Communist New Economic Policy instituted in 1921 to win over peasants and working class Execution of imperial family secured red victory. Creation of the USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics • Russian dominated 1923 – New Constitution • Federalist system – central power over ethnic states • Supreme Soviet - Parliament, universally elected Single party – competition prohibited • Commissars (party leaders) act as executive– General Secretary, premier Ataturk and The Turkish Republic After WWI, Britain and France carved up the remains of the OE Ottomans remained in control of Anatolian Peninsula (present day Turkey) • Invaded by Greece, 1920 Colonel Mustafa “Ataturk” Kemal and the Young Turks • Drove out Greeks • Convened a national congress to create a new Republic of Turkey • Removed sultan, elected President, 1923 • Sweeping reforms Reduced influence of Islam – created secular state Europeanized Turkish language and culture The Palestinian Question Palestine – British mandate Home land dispute • Muslim Arab, 80% majority • Jews, minority Increased Jewish immigration • Zionism – Movement to reclaim the lands of ancient Israel for the Jews • The Balfour Declaration – British support for a national home for Jews in Palestine as long as it did not undermine the rights of non-Jews in residence. • Anti-Semite sentiment increasing in Europe and Soviet Union Middle East Nationalism Despite separation from Ottomans during WWI, the Arabs were not a single nation. 1916 - The Mandates • European designated borders/no national identity • Governed by the League of Nations • France Syrian and Lebanon • Great Britain Iraq, Palestine, and Jordan Saudi Arabia • Ibn Saud, unified Northern Arabia peninsula, 1920s • U.S. oil interests restructure economy Reza, Shah Pahlavi pushes the British out of Iran and establishes a kingdom there in 1925. India Mohandas Gandhi • “Mahatma” – “Great Soul” Civil disobedience 1919 – Amritsar 1935 – Government of India Act established role of Indians in government; created a 2 house parliament The Salt March Split in the Independence Movement • Gandhi - religious, Indian, and traditional • Nehru – secular, Western, modern Hindu/Muslim tensions • Pakistan