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Search for Stability The World after World War I 1919-1939 Results of the Paris Peace Settlement-1919 • Treaty of Versailles – League of Nations – German Reparations-$33 Billion (US) – German demilitarization – Loss of German lands and colonies • League of Nations mandates League of Nations • Ineffective at maintaining peace and stability in Europe • The United States did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles, nor did they join the League of Nations • Disagreement over using force against aggression Europe after WWI • Rebuilding Europe • Government – Focus on democracy and civil liberties – Would be short lived • Lack of tradition • Success of radical political groups during difficult economic times • Economic struggles; 1922-1923 – Inflation (rise in prices) – High unemployment Weimer Republic (Germany) • Republic of Germany formed after WWI • Weimer Republic responded to reparation debt by printing large quantities of currency • Led to exponential inflation (devaluation of currency) • High inflation resulted in an inability to pay reparations • France occupies German mines of the Ruhr Valley to compensate for non-payment Dawes Plan • Created a payment plan for German reparations • Pay based on ability • Annual payments Unstable Peace • France withdraws from the Ruhr Valley • Germany and France sign the Treaty of Locarno- guaranteed Germany’s borders with France and Belgium • 1926- Germany joins the League of Nations Unstable Peace (Cont.) • US investments increase in Europe • 1924-1929-Europe experiences economic prosperity • 1928-Kellogg-Briand Pact – Ratified by 61 nations including the US – Condemns war – Inability to enforce led to its failure After WWI New Nations and Nationalism • Middle East – Ottoman Empire(Turkey) – Iran – Mandates – Palestine Ottoman Empire • Member of the Central Powers during WWI • Ethnic cleansing-modern term for genocide (the deliberate mass murder or particular racial, political, or cultural groups) • During the War Ottoman Turks massacred over 1 million Christian Armenians in retaliation for a 1915 independence uprising Turkey • Ottoman Empire collapsed after WWI • Area of present day Turkey was only area under Ottoman control • 1923-Becomes Republic of Turkey Turkey (cont.) • Kemal Ataturk-established the Republic of Turkey – introduced many modern reforms that were kept even after his death • Democrat system of government • Popular education • Modern economic system Iran • Oil discovered in 1908 • Created a flood of Western influence • Reza Shah Pahlavi – Attempted to model Turkey’s model of modernization – established the modern state of Iran in 1935 League of Nations Mandates • Britain-Iraq, Palestine, and Jordan • France-Syria and Lebanon • Countries, borders, and divisions of people were created by Britain and France Arab Nationalism • Arab nationalism was still strong and Arabs desired an Arabian state. • Ibn Saud – United Arabs in the upper part of the Arabian Peninsula – 1932-Formed Saudi Arabia – The discovery of oil in the 1930s created great wealth for Saudi Arabia Palestine • Both Arabs and Jews viewed Palestine as their homeland • Led to conflicts between the two over the creation of a national state • Nov 1917-Britain issues the Balfour Declaration supporting the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Ancient History • Biblical Times – Canaan – Israel and Judea – Palestine • Controlled by: – Egyptians, Assyrians, Persians, Romans – A.D. 634-Muslims – A.D. 1098-1197-Crusades – Ottoman Empire 1516-1917 • “Holy Land” – Jews – Christians – Muslims Map “Holy Land” • Jews – Land promised to Abraham by God • Christians – Jesus lived/taught in area – Crucified in Jerusalem • Arab Muslims – Muhammad ascension to heaven (Dome of the Rock) Palestine • Caanan-Abraham, Moses • Israel-King David, Solomon • Israel/Judah-split • Judaea (Romans) • “Provincia Syria Palaestina”(Palestine) (Hadrian-AD 136) • Ottoman Rule (Muslim, not Arab) • Palestine-Balfour Declaration-1917 • Israel (Jewish)/Palestine(Arab)-U.N. Partition-1948 • Israel/West Bank-Gaza Strip -Golan Heights (Occupation after 1967) Map Balfour Declaration-1917 • Letter from Lord Balfour (British Foreign Secretary) to Lord Rothschild (Zionist) • British support the creation of Jewish State in Palestine • Jewish immigration increase – 1918-10% total pop. – 1936-30% total pop. • Tensions rising Jews/Palestinian Arabs Zionism • Zion- Jerusalem • Movement founded in 1897 • Return Jews to Palestine • Theodore Herzel (leader) Chaim Weizmann • Leader of Young Zionists • Opposed Herzl and creation of Jewish state in Uganda • Negotiated Balfour Declaration • First President in New Israel-1949 British Mandate 1920-1948 • Palestine (official) • World Zionist Organization – Led by Chaim Weizmann – Encourage Jewish immigration – Holocaust sympathies • British begin backing down – Zionists turn to terrorism Map Rise of Nationalism and the Defiance of Imperialism • Africa • India Africa • African soldiers fought for France and Britain in WWI • Hoped they would receive independence after the war • Britain and France would continue to dominate Africa as colonial powers after the war Nationalism in Africa • Learned about Western ideals of liberty, equality, and nationalism while fighting in Europe • Called for reforms to bridge the gap between Western ideals and actual practices • Areas of major reform movements – Kenya, Libya Colonial Response • Force, to suppress uprisings • Allowed some reforms to satisfy African people Results of African Reform Movements • Africans change from wanting reforms to wanting complete independence • Independence leaders educated in the US • Influenced by W.E.B Dubois and Marcus Garvey • Professed African unity and cultural preservation Mohandas Gandhi and India • Prior to 1914-Gandhi was a participant in the apartheid movement in South Africa • 1914-Left South Africa to return to India • India under British rule Mohandas Gandhi and India (Cont.) • Mohandas “Mahatma” Gandhi-protested British law by using methods of civil disobedience • Mahatma-”Great Soul” • Civil disobedience-refused to obey unjust laws • 1919-Violent British reaction to protests killed hundreds of unarmed protestors • Gandhi removes himself from politics and will later be arrested and spend several years in prison Rise of Nationalism and the Defiance of Imperialism • Japan • China Japan • Develops into a strong industrial and economic nation based on Western ideas • Concentration of wealth created economic inequalities • Rapidly growing population created housing issues and food shortages • These events led to a call to return to traditional values and self dependence, not dependence on the West Japan and the West-1920s • Rapid industrial growth led to the need for raw materials • The island of Japan has a finite number of raw materials • Prior to WWI Japan acquired Korea and Southern Manchuria by force • After WWI the United States feared economic consequences of Japanese expansion Japan and the West-1920s Cont. • Washington Conference – US and eight other countries, including Japan, sign a pact to guarantee Chinese boundaries and support the continuation of the Open Door Policy – Japan remains in control of Southern Manchuria • This pact was short lived because Japan could not secure the raw materials it needed by traditional economic and political avenues Japanese Militarism • The need for raw materials put tremendous pressure on the government of Japan • Militarism, military control of the government, gains momentum in the search for raw materials China and the Spread of Communism • 1920-Lenin focuses on the spread of Communism outside of the West • Communist International (Comintern) was a group of Communist parties dedicated to the ides of world revolution • Focus on Western dominated areas of Asia Why Asia? • Movement in many Asian communities to expel Western dominance and oppression – China – French Indochina • Communism is the idea that revolution is the key to ending Western oppression Nationalists and Communists in China • 1923-The Nationalist Party in China, led by Sun Yat-sen, allied with Communist leaders against warlords and to expel Imperial powers from China • Nationalist-Supports the advancement of a nation free of outside intervention; independence movement • 1925-Sun Yat-sen dies; Nationalist Party is taken over by Chiang Kai-shek • 1926-Northern Expedition – A coalition of revolutionary force begin an offensive to retake China; successful Shanghai Massacre • Coalition between Nationalists and Communists lasted for three years 1923-1926 • 1927-Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists murdered thousands of Communist followers ending their alliance • Chiang Kai-shek believed Communism was a larger threat to the Chinese nation than Japan • Said, “the Communists are a disease of the heart” Chinese Republic • 1927-Established by Chiang Kai-shek • Communism goes underground and begin recruiting the discontent working class • Reemerged in the 1930s with a new leader-Mao Zedong – Believed the poverty-stricken rural peasants would lead the revolution in China Latin American Nationalism Country Leader Driving Force Outcome Argentina Brazil Mexico Nationalism in Ireland • 1801-Ireland unites with Great Britain (United Kingdom) • The industrial prosperity of Britain only reached the area of Ulster in northern Ireland • A devastating famine in the 1840s killed one million people and forced many more to flee Ireland Nationalism in Ireland (Cont.) • Irish Nationalist Movement begins in the 1870s by Charles Stewart Parnell (Irish Home Rule faction) • 1900s-Sinn Fein Party develops-political group dedicated to Irish Nationalism – Means “We Ourselves” • 1914-World War I begins • Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB)-Irish Nationalists – plan an uprising against Britain – The British would have few troops to spare April 24, 1916-Easter Rising “Sinn Fein Rebellion” • Dublin • Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army launch an armed uprising against British rule • Captured key government building-Dublin Post Office • Declared Irish independence • By April 29 the uprising had been crushed • Although the rebellion was started by the IRB the British blamed the Sinn Fein- “Sinn Fein Rebellion” Nationalism in Ireland (Cont.) • Eamon da Valera takes control of Sinn Fein after Easter Rising • War of Independence (Anglo-Irish War) 1919-1921 – Irish Republican Army (IRA) -military group dedicated to Irish Nationalism – Led by Michael Collins – IRA used guerilla warfare – IRA and British sign a treaty to end the fighting • 1920-British Government of Ireland Act-Creates Northern Ireland Nationalism in Ireland (Cont.) • 1921-Anglo-Irish Treaty – United Ireland with the exception of 6 counties of Ulster (Northern Ireland) – Protestant majority in Ireland chose to preserve the union with Britain – Created the Free Irish State (26 counties)-granted Commonwealth Status – Northern Ireland (6 counties) remained part of the United Kingdom – Irish Civil War begins over acceptance/rejection of the treaty Nationalism in Ireland (Cont.) • 1960s-IRA begins violent protests and bombings • British troops sent in to restore order • Period of continued conflicts known as “the Troubles” • The IRA, a terrorist organization, continued to fight for a unified Ireland until it ended its armed campaign in 2005 • IRA dissidents continue bombings and acts of terrorism even today Economy of the 1920’s • US experiences a period of economic prosperity – A time of economic well being • Rising stock prices encouraged investors to take money out of Europe and invest in stock • Economy-how natural resources and workers are used to produce goods and services The Great Depression 1929-33 • Recession-economic setback in business activity • Depression-severe decline in business activity (manufacturing, buying, selling) accompanied by high unemployment, loss of income, falling prices, and a decline in trade • The Great Depression (1929-1933)-period of low economic activity and high unemployment Depressions in the US • • • • • • • • 1818-19 1836-37 1856-57 1872-73 1884-85 1892-93 1920-21 1929-33*The Great Depression – Why is this one called the Great Depression? • 1937-38 Causes of The Great Depression • Overproduction-too many products • Decline in consumption (buying) – Unemployment – Losses in the Stock Market diminished consumer spending • Uneven distribution of wealth-1929 – 5% of all American households earned 30% of the nation’s income – Tax cuts made life even more prosperous for some • Low agricultural prices followed by poor harvests – Over farming the land – Drought Causes of The Great Depression (Cont.) • Negative investments in the economy (loss vs. growth) • International economic connections – The Depression in the United States was felt around the world due to the interconnected global economy – Hawley-Smoot Tariff-dampened international commerce and intensified the Depression in the United States Causes of The Great Depression (Cont.) • Buying on Credit – Debt-money, goods or services owed – Loans-an amount lent with interest – Installment Plans-Making a down payment and paying the rest of the price in monthly installments • Bank foreclosures October 29,1929 Black Tuesday Stock Market Crash • The 1929 Stock Market Crash is not a cause of the Great Depression it is a symptom (sign, indication) • Stock market-buying and selling shares of companies • Shares-divide ownership of a company into equal parts Stock Market Crash (Cont.) • Causes of Stock Market Crash – Rampant Speculation in US Stock Market-act of engaging in risky business transactions that offer a possibility of large profit – panic and the mass selling of stock shares • The Stock Market lost $35 billion in value between Oct 27-29 Problems created by the Stock Market Crash • Buying on margin – Borrowing money from brokers to buy stock – Issued margin calls-investors who purchased stock on margin must pay balance – In a bear market investors can’t pay brokers, brokers can’t pay banks Problems created by the Stock Market Crash (Cont.) • Bank runs – Mass withdrawal of savings – Banks are forced to close due to there inability to absorb losses suffered in the crash – No FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)-people lost everything Effects of the Depression Around the World • Unemployment – Germany-6 million – Britain-3 million – US-14 million • Increased government involvement in the economy • Rise of dictators who promised solutions to people’s suffering Depression in the US • Hoovervilles- makeshift communities that were named after President Hoover • People suffered extreme poverty and had to beg for food • Hobos took to trains in hopes of finding work in exchange for food • During the late 1920s drought plagued the Great Plains • Many farmers packed up and moved West in search for work Depression Years 1929-1939 • • • • • • • United States Latin America Japan China Russia Italy Germany United States • Franklin D. Roosevelt, elected in 1932, promised a New Deal for the people of America • New Deal-policy of government intervention in the U.S. economy to combat the effects of depression • Did not solve unemployment problem Latin America • Export economy-nation depends on its exports for economy to function • Depression destroyed Latin American economy-decreased demand for exports • Oligarchies dominated L.A.-government where a select group of people exercise control Japan • Militarism gains momentum as the search for raw materials continues • 1931-Military extremists invade Manchuria without government approval; supported by people of Japan • Emperor Hirohito, fearing the abolishment of the monarchy, allows military leader Hideki Tojo to take control of Japan Military Rule in Japan • • • • 1938-Military draft Abolish political parties Policy of Japanese Expansionism Purge Western influence and ideas China • 1928-Chiang Kai-shek forms a new Chinese Republic (Nationalists) • Modernize China • “New Life Movement”-combine traditional Confucian values with Western capitalist ideals; rejected greed and individualism • Japan and Chinese Communists threatened the new government Communist Movement in China • Communists go into hiding after Shanghai Massacre • 1931-Chinese Nationalists begin the eradication of Communism in China • Mao Zedong (new leader of the Communists) used guerrilla tactics to fight the Nationalists The Long March-1934 • Mao and the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) escape the Nationalists and begin a march to a Communist base in Northwest China • 6,000 mile journey on foot through mountains, marshland, deserts, and continuous attacks by the Nationalists • Journey lasted one year/81,000 deaths • Mao becomes the sole leader of the Chinese Communist Party The Totalitarian State • People looking for an end to suffering caused by severe economic depressions and unrest • Dictators promise economic recovery in exchange for loyalty • Totalitarian-Government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens • Conquer the mind and the heart • Use mass propaganda The Totalitarian State (Cont.) • Single ruler, single party-no opposition • Focus on the state over the individual • Create a new social order • Italy • Russia • Germany Italy and the Rise of Fascism • Fascism-political philosophy that emphasizes the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler • Benito Mussolini – Established the first fascist movement in Europe – Used broken promises at the Treaty of Versailles to stir Italian Nationalism • Squadristi-Mussolini’s band of black-shirted armed Fascists used to suppress strikes and control media Fascism in Italy • • • • • Goal to create a single-minded war loving community Secret Police used to control and suppress Propaganda Control media outlets Organizations to support fascist ideals – Youth groups Age 8-18 • Family especially women were the pillar of society • Gained support of the Catholic Church by giving the Church money and official recognition (Vatican City) Russia • Lenin and the Bolsheviks control Russia • 1922-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R) or Soviet Union established • Extreme economic problems threatened to end Communist regime • New Economic Policy-modified capitalist system used by Lenin to avoid economic disaster • 1924-Lenin dies creating a struggle for control of the Soviet Union New Leadership • Seven members of the Politburo fight for control • Politburo-leading policy-making body of the Communist Party • General Secretary Joseph Stalin-used his post to gain control of the Communist Party • By 1929 Stalin established a powerful dictatorship Stalin’s Economic Policy • Stalin’s Five Year Plan-transform the USSR from an agrarian to an industrial economy almost overnight – Created inhuman living conditions – Low wages • Collectivization-system in which private farms were eliminated and the government owned the land – Led to food hoarding and widespread famine The Great Purge • 1930s • Remove all opposition to Stalin’s leadership – Estimated 8 million people arrested – Sent to labor camps in Siberia or executed Adolph Hitler • Beliefs – Anti-Semitism – Struggle was the “granite foundation of the world” – 1921-Takes control of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi) • Nationalsozialistiche Deutsche Arbeiterpartei • “Brownshirts” or Storm Troopers mad up the militia of the party Adolph Hitler (Cont.) • 1923-Beer Hall Putsch – Nazis attempt to overthrow the Weimer Republic – Failed; Hitler sent to prison • Writes his biography/manifesto in prison – Mein Kampf (My Struggle) Mein Kampf • • • • Expresses extreme German Nationalism Anti-Semitism Anti-communism Social Darwinism-the strongest will struggle and survive • German right to Lebensraum-living space Rise of Nazism • After his release, Hitler expanded the Nazi party – The Nazis became the largest party in the German Reichstag (German parliament) – 800,000 members by 1932 Why was the Nazi party so popular? • The Great Depression made extremist parties more attractive – High unemployment – Psychological depression – People looking for a way out • Hitler promises a new Germany – Appeals to German’s emotions – Promise a better life The Nazi State 1933-1939 • 1933-Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany • Enabling Act passed by the Reichstaggave the government the power to ignore the constitution for four years – Allowed a “legal seizure” of Germany – Hitler becomes a virtual dictator The Nazi State 1933-1939 (Cont.) • Concentration camps (prisons) built to house opponents of Nazism • Purge Jews and the democratic element from government • Government officials and soldiers required to take a loyalty oath to the Fuhrer or “Leader” The Nazi State 1933-1939 (Cont.) • Hitler wanted to create the Third Reich or Third German Empire • Build an Aryan racial state • Aryan-term used by the Nazis to identify their “master race” Hitler’s Totalitarian State • Schutzstaffeln (SS)-police force used terror to maintain order – Created by Heinrich Himmler – Served as execution squads and controlled death camps • Mass demonstrations and rallies created excitement • Churches, schools, and professional organizations indoctrinated Nazi ideals Hitler’s Totalitarian State (Cont.) • Women were expected to embrace their role as homemakers • Propaganda used to reach the masses and spread Nazism – Joseph Goebbels-propaganda minister of Nazi Germany – Radio-speeches – Movies-films that carried the Nazi message Hitler’s Totalitarian State (Cont.) • Anti-Semitism – 1935-Nuremburg laws • Excluded Jews from Jews citizenship • Forbid Jews from marrying Germans • Required to wear yellow stars of David – 1938-Kristallnacht- “night of shattered glass” a destructive rampage against German Jews led by Nazis – Jews forced to leave Germany The Depression Ends • Hitler used public works projects and a rearmament programs to bring Germany out of the Depression • Unemployment – – – – 1931-4.35 million 1932-6 million 1934-2.6 million 1937-500,000 • Germans followed Hitler and the Nazis because they believed he had ended Germany’s economic depression • The people of Germany saw Hitler as their savior Rise of Authoritarian States 1930s • Failure of democratic governments in Eastern Europe – No democratic tradition – Mostly rural/agricultural – Ethnic conflicts • Looked to authoritarian ruler to restore old order • Unlike totalitarian governments, authoritative governments worked to preserve traditional social order • Spain Authoritarian Rule in Spain • 1936-General Francis Franco leads a revolt against the democratic government of Spain – Begins Civil War in Spain – Supported by Hitler and Mussolini – By 1939 Franco takes control of Spain – Favored traditional groups