Download New Imperialism.

The Age of Imperialism
(1800-1914 AD)
Roots, Perspectives, and Impact
of Imperialism
1
Objectives
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------• Describe the political, economic, and social roots of
imperialism.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------• Analyze the perspectives of the colonizers (imperialists) and the
colonized regarding indigenous language, natural resources,
labor, political systems, and religion.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------• Explain the global impact of imperialism including the
modernization of Japan, the political and social reform of China,
and the exploitation of African resources.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2
I. Understanding Imperialism (1)
• Key Imperialism Terms:
– Imperialism—the extension of a nation’s power over another nation
through economic, political, and/or military methods to gain political,
economic, and social control of that nation.
– Imperialists or Colonizers—nations or
groups of people who extend their power
over another nation to gain political,
economic, and social control of that nation
(in other words…who sets up the colony).
– Natives (Indigenous) or Colonized—
nations or groups of people who are
controlled politically, economically, or
socially by another nation or group of
people (in other words…the colony).
Imperialism results in nations attempting to
take control over other parts of the world.
3
I. Understanding Imperialism (2)
• Imperialism has occurred throughout history including:
– Ancient World (Assyrians, the Roman Empire, and the Han Dynasty)
– 8th-16th Century (Franks, Mongols, and Aztecs)
– 16th-18th Century (England,
France, Spain, and Portugal in
North America)
– 19th-20th Century (New
Imperialism)—WHAT WE
WILL FOCUS ON!!!!
Imperialism, throughout history,
has involved some degree of
racism or similar beliefs that
one group of people are
somehow superior to another
group of people.
4
I. Understanding Imperialism (3)
• During the period of “New Imperialism,” Mass Societies were
unifying people together into Nation-States.
• “New Imperialism” refers to the period when nations switched
from having a few trading posts to direct control of vast
territories.
• Nations engaged in the New Imperialism:
Great Britain
Portugal
Belgium
France
Spain
Russia
Japan
Germany
Italy
The Netherlands
The United States
• Technology (advanced weapons) from the Industrial Revolution
enabled the imperialist armies to easily gain control of the
territories in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific.
5
Map showing the territory claimed by major nations during the Age
of Imperialism—the “New Imperialism.”
6
II. Motivations for Imperialism (1)
• Imperialism can be caused due to political, economic, and/or
social reasons.
• Main factors motivating imperialism:
– Economic
– Nationalism (Ideological)
– Racism (Ideological)
– Political
– Exploratory
– Religious
7
II. Motivations for Imperialism (2)
• Motivating Reason #1: Economic
– The Industrial Revolution created a demand for more colonies, more raw
materials, and more markets.
– Industrialized nations needed more colonies in order to obtain the raw
materials, have access to cheap labor, and control foreign trade.
– The raw materials were used to make manufactured goods and
technologies.
– The manufactured goods and new technologies were then sold to the
new markets in the colonies (sold to the natives they took the raw
materials from).
– The new markets and control of the raw materials led to more wealth for
the imperialists—it was all about making more money.
8
The Triangular Trade is an example of the Economic Motivation
for Imperialism—the colonies provided wealth.
9
II. Motivations for Imperialism (3)
• Motivating Reason #2: Nationalism (Ideological)
– The more colonies an imperialist nation had, the stronger that nation was
considered in the world.
– Colonies became a source of national pride for Industrialized nations.
– The imperialist nations thought their culture and language the best in the
world and desired to spread it to other
areas.
– The belief that great nations should
have empires only fueled this
Nationalism.
The Nationalism Motivation for
Imperialism encouraged many
imperialist nations to set up colonies
to spread their “Best” culture
worldwide
10
II. Motivations for Imperialism (4)
• Motivating Reason #3: Racism (Ideological)
– Extreme nationalism often leads to feelings of cultural and racial
superiority.
– These beliefs were based upon Charles Darwin’s theory of Natural
Selection and Herbert Spencer’s theory of Social Darwinism.
– These theories of the “survival of the fittest” led to a number of beliefs:
• It is natural for the “stronger” nations of the world to conquer the “weaker”
nations of the world—only the “strongest” nations would survive.
• It is the duty of the imperialists to “civilize” (meaning Westernize) the people
of “inferior” races.
• The white race is superior to all other races.
– These racist beliefs were used to justify Industrialized nations colonizing.
11
The Racism
Motivation for
Imperialism was
fueled by the
“Survival of the
Fittest” theories of
Charles Darwin (Far
Left) and Herbert
Spencer (Near Left).
Right: British soldier getting
a pedicure from Indian
servants (trying to civilize
the “heathens”).
12
II. Motivations for Imperialism (5)
• Motivating Reason #4: Political
– Imperialist nations attempted to grab up territory and control the
resources and markets so that rival nations could not.
– Modern technology led to advanced weapons that allowed Industrialized
nations to easily take over territory and maintain control.
– The desire to have more political power than rival nations (caused by
extreme Nationalism) caused the imperialists to set up as many colonies
as possible in the Third World.
– Colonies gave a nation a chance to demonstrate their military power,
gain prestige in the world, and maintain national security.
13
The Political Motivation for Imperialism led to the imperialist
nations grabbing up as much land in the world as possible (as
shown above) to prove their power and military might.
14
II. Motivations for Imperialism (6)
• Motivating Reason #5: Exploratory
– Some imperialist nations simply wanted to explore the “unknown.”
– The desire to gain scientific and medical knowledge to improve people’s
lives and cure diseases also drove some of the imperialism.
– Some imperialists wanted to go on an adventure & investigate the
“unknown.”
– Many times these “Noble” reasons were simply used to cover up the real
reasons for the imperialism…such as to make money!
Wanting an adventure and exploring the “unknown” are examples of
the Exploratory Motivation for Imperialism.
15
II. Motivations for Imperialism (7)
• Motivating Reason #6: Religious
– The majority of the imperialist nations wanted to spread their religious
beliefs to the “uncivilized” natives.
– Imperialists also attempted to protect their missionaries in other lands.
– The goal of the missionaries was to educate the natives and spread the
values and morals of the
imperialist nations.
– Again, this “Noble” reason
was often simply used to
cover up the real reasons for
the imperialism.
These German
missionaries in Japan are
an example of the
Religious Motivation for
Imperialism.
16
III. Perspectives on Imperialism (1)
• Imperialists (Europeans) felt superior & entitled to control the
colonies.
– The imperialists ruled the colonies so that they were profitable and
productive for them, but not for the natives.
– The rights and opinions of the natives were not taken into consideration
when governing the colonies.
– The imperialists tried to assimilate, or conform, the natives to the culture
of the European conqueror.
– The European beliefs were forced upon the natives who often resisted.
– Different cultural perspectives between the imperialists and the natives
often led to conflict.
17
III. Perspectives on Imperialism (2)
•
Perspective Conflict #1: Languages
– The imperialists often imposed their language upon the natives.
– The imperialist government would run schools in the colonies that taught
and used the imperialists’ language (but not the natives’ language).
– To be economically successful in the colonies, the natives would have to
learn and use the imperialists’ language.
– All legal documents were often only written in the imperialists’ language.
– Many natives would often resist the Western language and continue to
use their native language.
Indigenous people (Left) are
often forced to give up their
native culture, including their
language, and accept the
imperialist’s culture (Right).
18
III. Perspectives on Imperialism (3)
•
Perspective Conflict #2: Natural Resources
– The imperialists felt that they had the right to help themselves to the raw
materials found in the colonies.
– The imperialists did not let the natives industrialize because then they
would have to compete with them for raw materials.
– The imperialists often did not pay for the raw materials or for the labor.
– The only “payment” the natives received was the right to purchase
manufactured goods from the imperialists (which was viewed as
payment enough because it “improved” the lifestyle of the natives).
– The natives felt they were being robbed and their land was being
destroyed.
South African gold
and diamonds
19
III. Perspectives on Imperialism (4)
•
Perspective Conflict #3: Labor and Economic Systems
– Most of the natives had a Traditional Economy.
– When the imperialists took over, the natives were forced to work for them
for very low wages (a more Market Economy).
– The lands were seized from the farmers to build factories on and then
those farmers were turned into hired workers.
– These forced changes were incompatible with the natives’ lifestyles.
– The native workers would often rise up and rebel in response to these
changes, but were almost always unsuccessful.
20
III. Perspectives on Imperialism (5)
•
Perspective Conflict #4: Political Systems
– The imperialists found a variety of political systems in lands they
conquered.
– The imperialists often imposed their own political system on the natives:
• If Indirect Rule: the imperialists rule the colony through local leaders with no
real power because they are controlled by the imperialists (often used by the
British)
• If Direct Rule: the imperialists overthrow the local leaders and establish their
own officials to manage the colony (often used by the French)
Indirect Rule is often called a “Puppet State” because another
nation is “pulling the strings” and controlling what happens.
21
III. Perspectives on Imperialism (6)
•
Perspective Conflict #5: Religion
– Missionaries would often go to the colonies to set up their own schools,
hospitals, and churches based upon the imperialists’ religion.
– These missionaries believed that the natives were an inferior race that
needed to be “civilized” by converting them to Christianity.
– The natives had their own religious beliefs
and would often resist conversion with the
end result being violence.
Christian missionary forcing Indian
Hindus to convert to Christianity.
22
IV. Imperialism in Central/Southeast Asia (1)
• European interest in Asia can be traced back to the Roman
Empire and the dealings with the Silk Road.
• In 1800, only the Spanish Philippines and the Dutch East Indies
were colonized…by 1900 almost the entire area was colonized.
• India, Bengal, and Burma:
– Up until 1756, India was controlled by the French.
– In 1756, the British drove the French out of India after the “Black Hole of
Calcutta” incident in which 146 British soldiers were placed in a small
dungeon by the French and left to die (only 23 survived).
– The British East India Company was given control over most of India and
under their leadership India became “the jewel in the English Crown.”
– Major-General Robert Clive established the military supremacy of the
East India Company over India and Bengal (Bangladesh).
– In 1819 Great Britain also had control of Singapore and Burma (to
protect their claim on India).
23
India and the East Indies (as seen today)
24
“The dungeon was a strongly barred room and was not
intended for the confinement of more than two or three men
at a time. There were only two
windows, and a projecting veranda
outside and thick iron bars within
impeded the ventilation, while fires
raging in different parts of the fort
suggested an atmosphere of
further oppressiveness. The
prisoners were packed so tightly
that the door was difficult to close.”
--John Holwell, on the “Black Hole” survivors-25
The British East India Company had a tight grip upon India (The
East India House is shown in the bottom left).
26
Left: Robert Clive; Right: Robert Clive establishing the military
supremacy of the British East India Company over India at the
Battle of Plassey in 1757.
27
The Maharaja of Pannah (Left) and The Palace of the Nawab in
Bengal (Right) show that “Civilization” existed in
Central/Southeast Asia long before the Europeans showed up.
28
IV. Imperialism in Central/Southeast Asia (2)
• India and Burma (Continued):
– Indian resistance came in the form of the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 when
Indian soldiers used by the British East India Company were given new
rifles to use.
•
•
•
•
•
•
The new rifles and rifle cartridges were lubricated with beef and pork fat
Most of India was made up of Muslims and Hindus
Cows (beef) are sacred to the Hindus
Pork is forbidden to the Muslims
This was an insult to their religions and caused the revolt
After the Sepoy Mutiny, Great Britain changed from Indirect Rule to the much
more oppressive Direct Rule (Queen Victoria took control in 1876)
– The British would continue to dominate India, providing technological and
industrial advancements, while also exploiting India and not treating
them as equals.
– Mohandas Gandhi would lead the independence movement in the 1900s
using Passive Resistance because the Indian National Congress (formed
in 1885) did not do enough to end the exploitation of India.
– India would not gain full independence until 1947.
29
British Queen Victoria in India.
30
British and other
Europeans living in
Central/Southeast Asia
lived like Maharajas (kings
and queens).
31
Natives of
Central/Southeast Asia
were used to increase the
size and power of the
British military.
32
Left: Indian Sepoys; Right: The Sepoy Mutiny (fought over a
religious insult).
33
Fighting during the Sepoy Mutiny.
34
The execution of the Sepoy Mutiny leaders (setting
an example).
35
Amritsar Massacre of 1919 where 379 Indians were killed and
another 1,200 were wounded (only one example of the brutal British
rule that occurred after the Sepoy Mutiny).
36
Top: Mohanda Gandhi
who led the Indian
Nationalist movement
to gain India’s
Independence; Bottom:
Gandhi leading a
protest march (he used
Passive Resistance
methods).
37
IV. Imperialism in Central/Southeast Asia (3)
• The French dominated Indochina starting in 1857 (Vietnam,
Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and Laos) until the 1950s.
• The Spanish and Portuguese also had influence in the area.
• The United States took control of the Philippines in 1898 after
the Spanish-American War.
– Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay.
– Emilio Aguinaldo led a rebellion in the Philippines against Spanish and
then U.S. imperialism and lost.
– The Philippines would not gain independence until after WWII.
• Thailand (Siam) was the only independent state in Southeast
Asia during this time (used as a buffer between the British and
French).
38
Colonial possessions in Southeast Asia.
39
Top Left: George
Dewey; Top Right: U.S.
fleet at the Battle of
Manila Bay; Bottom
Left: Emilio Aguinaldo;
Right Bottom: Filipino
resistance fighters
killed in the SpanishAmerican War of 1899.
40
The “Great White Fleet” of
the United States allowed
the U.S. to dominate the
seas of the world and begin
building an American
empire in Asia, the Pacific,
and Latin America after the
Spanish-American War.
41
“Uncle Sam: The
Colossus of the Pacific”
political cartoon (a
parody of the “Colossus
of Rhodes” political
cartoon).
42
V. Imperialism in China (1)
• European interest in China increased in the 13th-14th centuries
due to Marco Polo—interest continued into the 19th century.
• China was not directly controlled by a foreign nation and
instead was split into “Spheres of Influence.”
• Spheres of Influence: an area under foreign economic
domination (NOT a COLONY).
• China had managed to isolate itself as an agricultural nation.
• The only outside contact was due to its exports of tea, silk, &
porcelain.
• Manufacturing and trading in China were insignificant and
looked down upon at this time.
43
Marco Polo (Above) began
the European interest in
China with his tales of
adventure; By the 1900s,
China would not be
colonized, but split into
Spheres of Influence (as
shown to the Right).
44
V. Imperialism in China (2)
• The Manchu rulers (Qing Dynasty) of the 1500s were unable to
deal with the outside influences due to little development of
technology and the weak leaders.
• By the 1800s, the Qing Dynasty was dominated by Regional
Warlords who fought with each other constantly—the warring
factions would turn to European powers for aid.
• In the 1800s, Great Britain introduced the highly addictive drug,
Opium, to the Chinese and caused the Opium Wars of 1839:
– Great Britain was making a huge profit from selling Opium to the Chinese
and could not keep up with the demand.
– The Chinese officials tried to outlaw the drug, which led to the war.
– In the end, the Manchu rulers lost the war and were greatly weakened.
– The Nanking Treaty of 1842 created the British colony of Hong Kong and
gave Great Britain special trading rights.
– This marked the beginning of Western influence in China.
45
Opium (Left) is highly
addictive and led to
many social problems
(Bottom); Ships
brining Opium to
China (Top Right)
were destroyed and
led to the Opium Wars
(Bottom Right).
46
Top Left: An East India
Company’s Opium warehouse
(one of many); Top Right: Selling
Opium in China; Bottom Right:
Dead Chinese soldiers killed by a
British bombardment during the
Opium Wars.
47
V. Imperialism in China (3)
• Germany, France, Japan, Portugal, and Russia then began to
also influence parts of China.
• The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864 AD) was fought over Chinese
resentment of the Spheres of Influence (the rebellion ended
with the Manchu rulers losing even more power).
• The United States also wanted a piece of China so Secretary of
State John Hay declared the Open Door Policy of 1899 to
protect America’s right to trade with China (each country would
respect the other countries’ trading rights).
• The other imperialist nations declared similar policies.
• In 1900, the political unrest in China led to many reforms of the
military and educational systems, but in the end another
rebellion would result.
48
The Taiping Rebellion (Top
and Bottom Left) failed to
repel the foreign influence;
John Hay (Above) declared an
Open Door Policy to get the
U.S. trading rights in China.
49
V. Imperialism in China (4)
• The Boxer Rebellion:
– The secret society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, known as
Boxers, wanted to stop foreign influence in China and led an uprising.
– They targeted Christian missionaries and other foreign influences.
– The European imperialists helped the government crush this rebellion.
– The Boxer Rebellion led to even more control over China by the
imperialists.
• By 1911 the Manchu rulers had lost all power & the Republic of
China was set up by Sun Yat-Sen based upon nationalism,
democracy, & economic security (most citizens were peasants).
• China continued to industrialize due to the spheres of influence.
• Chinese independence from foreign control would not come
until after the Chinese Civil War between the Nationalists and
the Communists in the 1930s and WWII in the 1940s.
50
Above: Political cartoon showing
Russia and Japan struggling over
China and Korea: Right: Political
cartoon of Russia (the bear)
forcing Japan (the samurai) to
accept Russia presence in China.
51
Left: A rebel during the Boxer Rebellion;
Right: Battle between Chinese Boxers
and a combined British and Japanese
force.
52
Top Left: U.S. Marines fighting rebels in
the Boxer Rebellion; Bottom Left: Leaders
of the Boxer Rebellion were tortured and
executed; Above: Sun Yat-Sen who
created the Republic of China.
53
VI. Imperialism in Japan (1)
• Japan had managed to isolate itself from the rest of the world
into the 1800s due to the efforts of the Tokugawa shoguns.
• Japan had a feudal system with a ceremonial emperor, various
shoguns/daimyo controlling the local areas, the samurai
enforcing the rule of the shoguns/daimyo, & the peasants
serving them all.
• In 1853 U.S. commander Matthew Perry sailed into Tokyo Bay
with steam-powered, ironclad, cannon-armed warships to seek
U.S. trading rights with Japan.
– U.S. President Franklin Pierce wanted an Open Door Policy with Japan.
– The Japanese realized they could not resist the Industrialized U.S. so
they signed the Open Door Policy in 1854.
– Other nations soon did the same thing.
54
Imperialism in Asia and Oceania.
55
“The Japanese have
become servants to the
foreigners. Sovereignty
may belong to Japan but
in fact it's no more than a
colony of Europe.”
--Japanese Official
studying China and the
effects of foreign
influence-The Japanese knew that they had no choice but to give in to the
demands of the United States (but they didn’t have to like it)!!!!
56
Top Left: a Tokugawa samurai;
Top Right: Japanese rendition
of Commander Matthew Perry’s
first visit; Left: Commander
Matthew Perry; Right: President
Franklin Pierce.
57
VI. Imperialism in Japan (2)
• In 1868, the Sat-Cho (daimyo & samurai in southern Japan)
overthrew the Tokugawa shoguns (who had ruled since 1603)
and opposed Japan being opened to trade.
• The Sat-Cho wanted to return the power/authority of the
Emperor.
• The Sat-Cho put 15-year old Emperor Mutsuhito in power who
quickly transformed Japan from an isolated feudal society into a
modern industrial power (this became known as the Meiji
Restoration).
• The Meiji helped Japan gain a stronger government, a
constitution, modern schools, and an industrialized military by
the 1870s.
• The Meiji helped Japan become an important global-trading
partner.
58
Left: Sakamoto Ryoma (hero and
leader of the Sat-Cho); Right:
Sat-Cho troops during the Boshin
War over who would lead Japan
after the foreigners were pushed
out.
Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians!
59
Shogun Yoshinobu (Left), the last of the Tokagawa, who was
overthrown in the Boshin Wars in an attempt to “Restore” the
Emperor to his proper power (Right)!
60
Left: Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito); Right: Empress Haruko.
61
Enlightened
Half-Enlightened
Un-Enlightened
Newspaper cartoon (c. 1870s) showing the difference between
those who accept Western influence and those who stubbornly
held onto traditional culture.
62
Civilization and. . .
. . . Enlightenment!
The Japanese became obsessed with Western culture.
63
Everything Western was fashionable!!!!
64
The Meiji Restoration
helped transform Japan
from a feudal society
into a modern,
industrial power that
could rival (or mimic)
Western societies.
Japanese soldiers walking with their wives (notice the
un-traditional clothing).
65
Abolition
of the
feudal system
Modern
Banking
System
(U.S. & Britain)
Land
Redistribution
Westernize
the School
System
(France & Germany)
Meiji
Reforms
Written
Constitution
(Germans & U.S.)
Human Rights
& Religious
Freedom
(U.S.)
Modernize
the Army
(Prussian/Germany)
Build a
Modern Navy
(British)
Emperor
Worship
Intensified
66
VI. Imperialism in Japan (3)
• By the 1890s, Japan began to become an imperialist power
itself in China, Southeast Asia, & eastern Russia.
• Japan continued to industrialize due to the benefits of trade with
European imperialists.
• When Japan defeated both China (Sino-Japanese War of 1894)
and Russia (Russo-Japanese War of 1905), it became a world
power.
– Japan fought with China over Korea , Taiwan, & the Liaodong Peninsula.
– Japan fought with Russia over Manchuria & the Liaodong Peninsula.
• Japan would start the 20th Century as one of the most powerful
Nation-States in the world.
67
New players on the block?
Japan and the United States wanted a piece of China too!!!!
68
Top: Sino-Japanese War that resulted in Japan’s victory over
China and gaining control over Korea.
69
Japanese victory over Russia in the
Russo-Japanese War.
70
Political cartoon of the Japanese victory over Russia in the
Russo-Japanese War (the the spoils of that war).
71
VII. Imperialism in Africa (1)
• Africa was imperialized by the Europeans much later in history
due to the initial interest in the Americas.
• Originally, African imperialism had been limited to African
nations imperializing other African nations.
• The Berlin Conference (1884) set up guidelines for African
imperialism.
• In the early 1900s the imperialists’ interest turned to Africa.
• By 1914, only Liberia (homeland for freed U.S. slaves) and
Ethiopia, were still independent.
• Europeans divided up Africa in what became known as the
“Scramble for Africa”—divided into areas with no regard to
native rivalry.
• As in other areas, the Europeans attempted to assimilate the
Africans.
72
African trade and imperialism from 1450-1600.
73
“The Scramble for Africa”
74
The Berlin Conference
(Left) of 1884 allowed
the European powers
to divide up Africa as if
it was a cake that could
be cut and shared.
The Berlin Conference
was used to justify the
European powers
forcefully taking
African land and
dividing it up into new
areas—they ignored
tribal differences
when doing this!
75
VII. Imperialism in Africa (2)
• Reasons for African Imperialism:
– To increase the number of colonies (only part of the world not yet
colonized).
– To obtain cheap natural resources
(to use for manufactured goods).
– To increase trade and wealth.
– To increase political power by
showing military strength.
The “Scramble” for Africa was
a “Scramble” for power and
prestige among the European
powers.
76
VII. Imperialism in Africa (3)
• North and Eastern Africa:
– Great Britain dominated the northern and eastern portions of Africa.
– Great Britain controlled the Suez Canal in Egypt (the “lifeline to India”
that connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea).
– The Nile River Valley was explored by Dr. David Livingstone and Henry
Morton Stanley.
• Dr. David Livingstone found Victoria Falls and was “lost” for a while.
• Henry Morton Stanley was an American reporter sent to find Livingstone and
report to the “civilized” world what this “uncivilized” world was like.
• Dr. Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley spent the rest of their lives
exploring Africa and trying to abolish the slave trade.
– The French were the main rivals for colonies in the North.
77
Dr. David Livingstone (Top Left)
and Henry Morton Stanley (Top
Right)
Livingstone and Stanley meeting
for the first time (Above).
Victoria Falls (Left) that Dr. David
Livingstone found during his exploration
of the Nile River Valley.
78
John Speke (Left) and Sir Richard Burton (Right) who explored
the Nile River Valley in search of the source of the Nile River.
79
The Suez Canal (in 1881 on the Left; today in the Middle)
allowed Great Britain to dominate in North Africa; Map (Right)
showing the trade route between Great Britain and India.
80
VII. Imperialism in Africa (4)
• Western and Central Africa:
– The Western and Central portions of Africa
were explored for the slave trade.
– King Leopold II of Belgium dominated
exploration & colonization of the Congo.
– France settled in the area to prevent
Belgian domination.
– Western Africa was almost entirely colonized
by the French.
Leopold II of Belgium
(Top Right); European
traveling in the
Congo (Bottom
Right).
81
African slavery had existed for thousands of years, but
was exploited to horrific levels by the white Europeans.
“Black rags were wound round their loins, and the short ends behind
waggled to and fro like tails. I could see every rib, the joints of their
limbs were like knots in a rope; each had an iron collar on his neck,
and all were connected together with a chain whose bights swung
between them, rhythmically clinking.”
--Joseph Conrad’s “The Heart of Darkness”-82
Harvesting rubber in the Belgian Congo (Left)
and punishing natives for not working fast
enough (Above).
83
“It is blood-curdling to see them (the
soldiers) returning with the hands of
the slain, and to find the hands of
young children amongst the bigger
ones evidencing their bravery...The
rubber from this district has cost
hundreds of lives, and the scenes I
have witnessed, while unable to
help the oppressed, have been
almost enough to make me wish I
were dead... This rubber traffic is
steeped in blood, and if the natives
were to rise and sweep every white
person on the Upper Congo into
eternity, there would still be left a
fearful balance to their credit.”
-- Belgian Official--
84
VII. Imperialism in Africa (5)
• South Africa:
– South Africa was valuable because of its sea ports, gold, & diamonds.
– South Africa was initially colonized by the Dutch (fought the local Zulu).
– The British took over in the early 1800s:
• Cecil Rhodes set the British policy based on his belief that God wanted him
to “Paint as much of Africa Red as possible!”
• Cecil Rhodes set up the De Beers Diamond Company.
• Great Britain had African colonies “from the Cape to Cairo.”
• The “Sun never set on the British empire!”
– In the late 1800s, Germany (in German East Africa) encouraged the
Dutch South Africans (Boers or Afrikaners) to revolt against the British:
• From 1899-1910 the Anglo-Boer Wars were fought and created tension
between the British and Germans.
• In the end, the British would win the Boer Wars.
• The British then set up the Union of South Africa and to appease the Boers
only allowed whites to vote…this is the beginning of the Apartheid.
• South Africa would be dominated by outside forces until the Apartheid ended
in the late 20th Century.
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Dutch settlers colonizing South Africa in 1652.
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Zulu Warrior of South Africa.
Dutch settlers (Boers) clashing
with a Zulu tribe.
87
Cecil Rhodes (Left) worked
hard to create a vast British
empire globally (Above)
and in Africa (Right).
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Left: Political cartoon of
British imperialism.
Right: Zulu warriors
fighting against British
soldiers.
89
The Anglo-Boer Wars (shown in
these photos) were fought
between the British imperialists
and the Dutch South Africans
known as Boers or Afrikaners.
German East Africa encouraged
this war in an effort to become
more powerful than Great
Britain.
90
VII. Imperialism in Africa (6)
• Africa Today (Post-Imperialism):
– Most African colonies gained independence by 1980 and became
independent nations (as African Nationalism grew).
– These African colonies had difficulty transitioning to self-government due
to their long dependence upon the imperialist nations.
– Many of these Africa nations are still trying to industrialize.
– Lack on modern communication and transportation systems has made it
difficult for these African nations to compete in the global economy.
– Attempts at establishing democracies have failed due to the weak
economies…military dictatorships have dominated instead.
– Thus, much of Africa is engaged in bloody civil wars due to the political
boundaries drawn by the European powers that put rival groups together.
– The major languages in Africa are French, English, and Portuguese.
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Left: Africa during Imperialism; Right: Modern Africa.
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Africa is among the world’s “Hot Spots” for conflict.
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VIII. Imperialism in Latin America (1)
• Spain and Portugal dominated imperialism in Latin America
through the 1800s.
• Revolts, inspired by the Enlightenment and the Age of
Revolutions, began to occur in the 1800s.
• Father Miguel Hidalgo led Native Americans in rebellion against
the Spanish and gained Mexico’s independence in 1821.
• The Brazilian natives pushed the Portuguese out of Brazil by
1822.
• Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar led the independence
movements in South America to push the Spanish out in 1824.
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Independence
Movements in Latin
America.
95
Father Miguel Hidalgo (Left) led Mexico to independence; Simon
Bolivar (Middle) and Jose de San Martin (Right) led South
America to independence.
96
VIII. Imperialism in Latin America (2)
• The United States began asserting its influence with President
James Monroe’s Monroe Doctrine in 1823 to guarantee the new
independence of Latin America by promising to intervene to
ensure protection from
European influences.
• The U.S. defeated the Spanish
in the Spanish-American War
in 1898 and began to create
an empire in Latin America.
• The U.S. still greatly influences
political and economic
conditions in Latin America
today.
Political cartoon showing the “Benefits” of American
imperialism in Latin America and Southeast Asia.
97
U.S. President James Monroe
(Top Left) issued the Monroe
Doctrine to guarantee the
independence of the newly
formed Latin American
nations, while also ensuring
American influence over those
nations.
98
Creoles (left) led
independence
movements and
paved the way
for the caudillos
to seize power
like Antonio
Lopez de Santa
Anna (right).
Creoles (descendants of Europeans who were born in Latin
America) and Mestizos (European-American mixed) led the
independence movements for equality; peninsulares, Europeans
who temporarily resided in Latin America and then left, were
resented by the creoles; Caudillos took over the newly
independent nations and ruled through military power.
99
IX. The Last Step Towards Global War
• Extreme Nationalism had swept through the world in the 1800s.
• The Industrial Revolution allowed nations to create large,
technologically advanced militaries to assert their power.
• As the industrialized nations reached out around the world in
search of more colonies and political power, conflict grew
between them.
• Now, in the early part of the 1900s, industrialized nations were
in conflict with each other in all sections of the world.
• These tensions would continue to grow, as Nationalism,
industrialization, and imperialism grew, and would lead to the
Great War (the “War to End All Wars”)…World War I.
100
“Paint as much of Africa Red as possible!”
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