Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
The Age of Imperialism (1800-1914 AD) Roots, Perspectives, and Impact of Imperialism 1 Objectives -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------• Describe the political, economic, and social roots of imperialism. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------• Analyze the perspectives of the colonizers (imperialists) and the colonized regarding indigenous language, natural resources, labor, political systems, and religion. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------• Explain the global impact of imperialism including the modernization of Japan, the political and social reform of China, and the exploitation of African resources. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 I. Understanding Imperialism (1) • Key Imperialism Terms: – Imperialism—the extension of a nation’s power over another nation through economic, political, and/or military methods to gain political, economic, and social control of that nation. – Imperialists or Colonizers—nations or groups of people who extend their power over another nation to gain political, economic, and social control of that nation (in other words…who sets up the colony). – Natives (Indigenous) or Colonized— nations or groups of people who are controlled politically, economically, or socially by another nation or group of people (in other words…the colony). Imperialism results in nations attempting to take control over other parts of the world. 3 I. Understanding Imperialism (2) • Imperialism has occurred throughout history including: – Ancient World (Assyrians, the Roman Empire, and the Han Dynasty) – 8th-16th Century (Franks, Mongols, and Aztecs) – 16th-18th Century (England, France, Spain, and Portugal in North America) – 19th-20th Century (New Imperialism)—WHAT WE WILL FOCUS ON!!!! Imperialism, throughout history, has involved some degree of racism or similar beliefs that one group of people are somehow superior to another group of people. 4 I. Understanding Imperialism (3) • During the period of “New Imperialism,” Mass Societies were unifying people together into Nation-States. • “New Imperialism” refers to the period when nations switched from having a few trading posts to direct control of vast territories. • Nations engaged in the New Imperialism: Great Britain Portugal Belgium France Spain Russia Japan Germany Italy The Netherlands The United States • Technology (advanced weapons) from the Industrial Revolution enabled the imperialist armies to easily gain control of the territories in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. 5 Map showing the territory claimed by major nations during the Age of Imperialism—the “New Imperialism.” 6 II. Motivations for Imperialism (1) • Imperialism can be caused due to political, economic, and/or social reasons. • Main factors motivating imperialism: – Economic – Nationalism (Ideological) – Racism (Ideological) – Political – Exploratory – Religious 7 II. Motivations for Imperialism (2) • Motivating Reason #1: Economic – The Industrial Revolution created a demand for more colonies, more raw materials, and more markets. – Industrialized nations needed more colonies in order to obtain the raw materials, have access to cheap labor, and control foreign trade. – The raw materials were used to make manufactured goods and technologies. – The manufactured goods and new technologies were then sold to the new markets in the colonies (sold to the natives they took the raw materials from). – The new markets and control of the raw materials led to more wealth for the imperialists—it was all about making more money. 8 The Triangular Trade is an example of the Economic Motivation for Imperialism—the colonies provided wealth. 9 II. Motivations for Imperialism (3) • Motivating Reason #2: Nationalism (Ideological) – The more colonies an imperialist nation had, the stronger that nation was considered in the world. – Colonies became a source of national pride for Industrialized nations. – The imperialist nations thought their culture and language the best in the world and desired to spread it to other areas. – The belief that great nations should have empires only fueled this Nationalism. The Nationalism Motivation for Imperialism encouraged many imperialist nations to set up colonies to spread their “Best” culture worldwide 10 II. Motivations for Imperialism (4) • Motivating Reason #3: Racism (Ideological) – Extreme nationalism often leads to feelings of cultural and racial superiority. – These beliefs were based upon Charles Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection and Herbert Spencer’s theory of Social Darwinism. – These theories of the “survival of the fittest” led to a number of beliefs: • It is natural for the “stronger” nations of the world to conquer the “weaker” nations of the world—only the “strongest” nations would survive. • It is the duty of the imperialists to “civilize” (meaning Westernize) the people of “inferior” races. • The white race is superior to all other races. – These racist beliefs were used to justify Industrialized nations colonizing. 11 The Racism Motivation for Imperialism was fueled by the “Survival of the Fittest” theories of Charles Darwin (Far Left) and Herbert Spencer (Near Left). Right: British soldier getting a pedicure from Indian servants (trying to civilize the “heathens”). 12 II. Motivations for Imperialism (5) • Motivating Reason #4: Political – Imperialist nations attempted to grab up territory and control the resources and markets so that rival nations could not. – Modern technology led to advanced weapons that allowed Industrialized nations to easily take over territory and maintain control. – The desire to have more political power than rival nations (caused by extreme Nationalism) caused the imperialists to set up as many colonies as possible in the Third World. – Colonies gave a nation a chance to demonstrate their military power, gain prestige in the world, and maintain national security. 13 The Political Motivation for Imperialism led to the imperialist nations grabbing up as much land in the world as possible (as shown above) to prove their power and military might. 14 II. Motivations for Imperialism (6) • Motivating Reason #5: Exploratory – Some imperialist nations simply wanted to explore the “unknown.” – The desire to gain scientific and medical knowledge to improve people’s lives and cure diseases also drove some of the imperialism. – Some imperialists wanted to go on an adventure & investigate the “unknown.” – Many times these “Noble” reasons were simply used to cover up the real reasons for the imperialism…such as to make money! Wanting an adventure and exploring the “unknown” are examples of the Exploratory Motivation for Imperialism. 15 II. Motivations for Imperialism (7) • Motivating Reason #6: Religious – The majority of the imperialist nations wanted to spread their religious beliefs to the “uncivilized” natives. – Imperialists also attempted to protect their missionaries in other lands. – The goal of the missionaries was to educate the natives and spread the values and morals of the imperialist nations. – Again, this “Noble” reason was often simply used to cover up the real reasons for the imperialism. These German missionaries in Japan are an example of the Religious Motivation for Imperialism. 16 III. Perspectives on Imperialism (1) • Imperialists (Europeans) felt superior & entitled to control the colonies. – The imperialists ruled the colonies so that they were profitable and productive for them, but not for the natives. – The rights and opinions of the natives were not taken into consideration when governing the colonies. – The imperialists tried to assimilate, or conform, the natives to the culture of the European conqueror. – The European beliefs were forced upon the natives who often resisted. – Different cultural perspectives between the imperialists and the natives often led to conflict. 17 III. Perspectives on Imperialism (2) • Perspective Conflict #1: Languages – The imperialists often imposed their language upon the natives. – The imperialist government would run schools in the colonies that taught and used the imperialists’ language (but not the natives’ language). – To be economically successful in the colonies, the natives would have to learn and use the imperialists’ language. – All legal documents were often only written in the imperialists’ language. – Many natives would often resist the Western language and continue to use their native language. Indigenous people (Left) are often forced to give up their native culture, including their language, and accept the imperialist’s culture (Right). 18 III. Perspectives on Imperialism (3) • Perspective Conflict #2: Natural Resources – The imperialists felt that they had the right to help themselves to the raw materials found in the colonies. – The imperialists did not let the natives industrialize because then they would have to compete with them for raw materials. – The imperialists often did not pay for the raw materials or for the labor. – The only “payment” the natives received was the right to purchase manufactured goods from the imperialists (which was viewed as payment enough because it “improved” the lifestyle of the natives). – The natives felt they were being robbed and their land was being destroyed. South African gold and diamonds 19 III. Perspectives on Imperialism (4) • Perspective Conflict #3: Labor and Economic Systems – Most of the natives had a Traditional Economy. – When the imperialists took over, the natives were forced to work for them for very low wages (a more Market Economy). – The lands were seized from the farmers to build factories on and then those farmers were turned into hired workers. – These forced changes were incompatible with the natives’ lifestyles. – The native workers would often rise up and rebel in response to these changes, but were almost always unsuccessful. 20 III. Perspectives on Imperialism (5) • Perspective Conflict #4: Political Systems – The imperialists found a variety of political systems in lands they conquered. – The imperialists often imposed their own political system on the natives: • If Indirect Rule: the imperialists rule the colony through local leaders with no real power because they are controlled by the imperialists (often used by the British) • If Direct Rule: the imperialists overthrow the local leaders and establish their own officials to manage the colony (often used by the French) Indirect Rule is often called a “Puppet State” because another nation is “pulling the strings” and controlling what happens. 21 III. Perspectives on Imperialism (6) • Perspective Conflict #5: Religion – Missionaries would often go to the colonies to set up their own schools, hospitals, and churches based upon the imperialists’ religion. – These missionaries believed that the natives were an inferior race that needed to be “civilized” by converting them to Christianity. – The natives had their own religious beliefs and would often resist conversion with the end result being violence. Christian missionary forcing Indian Hindus to convert to Christianity. 22 IV. Imperialism in Central/Southeast Asia (1) • European interest in Asia can be traced back to the Roman Empire and the dealings with the Silk Road. • In 1800, only the Spanish Philippines and the Dutch East Indies were colonized…by 1900 almost the entire area was colonized. • India, Bengal, and Burma: – Up until 1756, India was controlled by the French. – In 1756, the British drove the French out of India after the “Black Hole of Calcutta” incident in which 146 British soldiers were placed in a small dungeon by the French and left to die (only 23 survived). – The British East India Company was given control over most of India and under their leadership India became “the jewel in the English Crown.” – Major-General Robert Clive established the military supremacy of the East India Company over India and Bengal (Bangladesh). – In 1819 Great Britain also had control of Singapore and Burma (to protect their claim on India). 23 India and the East Indies (as seen today) 24 “The dungeon was a strongly barred room and was not intended for the confinement of more than two or three men at a time. There were only two windows, and a projecting veranda outside and thick iron bars within impeded the ventilation, while fires raging in different parts of the fort suggested an atmosphere of further oppressiveness. The prisoners were packed so tightly that the door was difficult to close.” --John Holwell, on the “Black Hole” survivors-25 The British East India Company had a tight grip upon India (The East India House is shown in the bottom left). 26 Left: Robert Clive; Right: Robert Clive establishing the military supremacy of the British East India Company over India at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. 27 The Maharaja of Pannah (Left) and The Palace of the Nawab in Bengal (Right) show that “Civilization” existed in Central/Southeast Asia long before the Europeans showed up. 28 IV. Imperialism in Central/Southeast Asia (2) • India and Burma (Continued): – Indian resistance came in the form of the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 when Indian soldiers used by the British East India Company were given new rifles to use. • • • • • • The new rifles and rifle cartridges were lubricated with beef and pork fat Most of India was made up of Muslims and Hindus Cows (beef) are sacred to the Hindus Pork is forbidden to the Muslims This was an insult to their religions and caused the revolt After the Sepoy Mutiny, Great Britain changed from Indirect Rule to the much more oppressive Direct Rule (Queen Victoria took control in 1876) – The British would continue to dominate India, providing technological and industrial advancements, while also exploiting India and not treating them as equals. – Mohandas Gandhi would lead the independence movement in the 1900s using Passive Resistance because the Indian National Congress (formed in 1885) did not do enough to end the exploitation of India. – India would not gain full independence until 1947. 29 British Queen Victoria in India. 30 British and other Europeans living in Central/Southeast Asia lived like Maharajas (kings and queens). 31 Natives of Central/Southeast Asia were used to increase the size and power of the British military. 32 Left: Indian Sepoys; Right: The Sepoy Mutiny (fought over a religious insult). 33 Fighting during the Sepoy Mutiny. 34 The execution of the Sepoy Mutiny leaders (setting an example). 35 Amritsar Massacre of 1919 where 379 Indians were killed and another 1,200 were wounded (only one example of the brutal British rule that occurred after the Sepoy Mutiny). 36 Top: Mohanda Gandhi who led the Indian Nationalist movement to gain India’s Independence; Bottom: Gandhi leading a protest march (he used Passive Resistance methods). 37 IV. Imperialism in Central/Southeast Asia (3) • The French dominated Indochina starting in 1857 (Vietnam, Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and Laos) until the 1950s. • The Spanish and Portuguese also had influence in the area. • The United States took control of the Philippines in 1898 after the Spanish-American War. – Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay. – Emilio Aguinaldo led a rebellion in the Philippines against Spanish and then U.S. imperialism and lost. – The Philippines would not gain independence until after WWII. • Thailand (Siam) was the only independent state in Southeast Asia during this time (used as a buffer between the British and French). 38 Colonial possessions in Southeast Asia. 39 Top Left: George Dewey; Top Right: U.S. fleet at the Battle of Manila Bay; Bottom Left: Emilio Aguinaldo; Right Bottom: Filipino resistance fighters killed in the SpanishAmerican War of 1899. 40 The “Great White Fleet” of the United States allowed the U.S. to dominate the seas of the world and begin building an American empire in Asia, the Pacific, and Latin America after the Spanish-American War. 41 “Uncle Sam: The Colossus of the Pacific” political cartoon (a parody of the “Colossus of Rhodes” political cartoon). 42 V. Imperialism in China (1) • European interest in China increased in the 13th-14th centuries due to Marco Polo—interest continued into the 19th century. • China was not directly controlled by a foreign nation and instead was split into “Spheres of Influence.” • Spheres of Influence: an area under foreign economic domination (NOT a COLONY). • China had managed to isolate itself as an agricultural nation. • The only outside contact was due to its exports of tea, silk, & porcelain. • Manufacturing and trading in China were insignificant and looked down upon at this time. 43 Marco Polo (Above) began the European interest in China with his tales of adventure; By the 1900s, China would not be colonized, but split into Spheres of Influence (as shown to the Right). 44 V. Imperialism in China (2) • The Manchu rulers (Qing Dynasty) of the 1500s were unable to deal with the outside influences due to little development of technology and the weak leaders. • By the 1800s, the Qing Dynasty was dominated by Regional Warlords who fought with each other constantly—the warring factions would turn to European powers for aid. • In the 1800s, Great Britain introduced the highly addictive drug, Opium, to the Chinese and caused the Opium Wars of 1839: – Great Britain was making a huge profit from selling Opium to the Chinese and could not keep up with the demand. – The Chinese officials tried to outlaw the drug, which led to the war. – In the end, the Manchu rulers lost the war and were greatly weakened. – The Nanking Treaty of 1842 created the British colony of Hong Kong and gave Great Britain special trading rights. – This marked the beginning of Western influence in China. 45 Opium (Left) is highly addictive and led to many social problems (Bottom); Ships brining Opium to China (Top Right) were destroyed and led to the Opium Wars (Bottom Right). 46 Top Left: An East India Company’s Opium warehouse (one of many); Top Right: Selling Opium in China; Bottom Right: Dead Chinese soldiers killed by a British bombardment during the Opium Wars. 47 V. Imperialism in China (3) • Germany, France, Japan, Portugal, and Russia then began to also influence parts of China. • The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864 AD) was fought over Chinese resentment of the Spheres of Influence (the rebellion ended with the Manchu rulers losing even more power). • The United States also wanted a piece of China so Secretary of State John Hay declared the Open Door Policy of 1899 to protect America’s right to trade with China (each country would respect the other countries’ trading rights). • The other imperialist nations declared similar policies. • In 1900, the political unrest in China led to many reforms of the military and educational systems, but in the end another rebellion would result. 48 The Taiping Rebellion (Top and Bottom Left) failed to repel the foreign influence; John Hay (Above) declared an Open Door Policy to get the U.S. trading rights in China. 49 V. Imperialism in China (4) • The Boxer Rebellion: – The secret society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, known as Boxers, wanted to stop foreign influence in China and led an uprising. – They targeted Christian missionaries and other foreign influences. – The European imperialists helped the government crush this rebellion. – The Boxer Rebellion led to even more control over China by the imperialists. • By 1911 the Manchu rulers had lost all power & the Republic of China was set up by Sun Yat-Sen based upon nationalism, democracy, & economic security (most citizens were peasants). • China continued to industrialize due to the spheres of influence. • Chinese independence from foreign control would not come until after the Chinese Civil War between the Nationalists and the Communists in the 1930s and WWII in the 1940s. 50 Above: Political cartoon showing Russia and Japan struggling over China and Korea: Right: Political cartoon of Russia (the bear) forcing Japan (the samurai) to accept Russia presence in China. 51 Left: A rebel during the Boxer Rebellion; Right: Battle between Chinese Boxers and a combined British and Japanese force. 52 Top Left: U.S. Marines fighting rebels in the Boxer Rebellion; Bottom Left: Leaders of the Boxer Rebellion were tortured and executed; Above: Sun Yat-Sen who created the Republic of China. 53 VI. Imperialism in Japan (1) • Japan had managed to isolate itself from the rest of the world into the 1800s due to the efforts of the Tokugawa shoguns. • Japan had a feudal system with a ceremonial emperor, various shoguns/daimyo controlling the local areas, the samurai enforcing the rule of the shoguns/daimyo, & the peasants serving them all. • In 1853 U.S. commander Matthew Perry sailed into Tokyo Bay with steam-powered, ironclad, cannon-armed warships to seek U.S. trading rights with Japan. – U.S. President Franklin Pierce wanted an Open Door Policy with Japan. – The Japanese realized they could not resist the Industrialized U.S. so they signed the Open Door Policy in 1854. – Other nations soon did the same thing. 54 Imperialism in Asia and Oceania. 55 “The Japanese have become servants to the foreigners. Sovereignty may belong to Japan but in fact it's no more than a colony of Europe.” --Japanese Official studying China and the effects of foreign influence-The Japanese knew that they had no choice but to give in to the demands of the United States (but they didn’t have to like it)!!!! 56 Top Left: a Tokugawa samurai; Top Right: Japanese rendition of Commander Matthew Perry’s first visit; Left: Commander Matthew Perry; Right: President Franklin Pierce. 57 VI. Imperialism in Japan (2) • In 1868, the Sat-Cho (daimyo & samurai in southern Japan) overthrew the Tokugawa shoguns (who had ruled since 1603) and opposed Japan being opened to trade. • The Sat-Cho wanted to return the power/authority of the Emperor. • The Sat-Cho put 15-year old Emperor Mutsuhito in power who quickly transformed Japan from an isolated feudal society into a modern industrial power (this became known as the Meiji Restoration). • The Meiji helped Japan gain a stronger government, a constitution, modern schools, and an industrialized military by the 1870s. • The Meiji helped Japan become an important global-trading partner. 58 Left: Sakamoto Ryoma (hero and leader of the Sat-Cho); Right: Sat-Cho troops during the Boshin War over who would lead Japan after the foreigners were pushed out. Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians! 59 Shogun Yoshinobu (Left), the last of the Tokagawa, who was overthrown in the Boshin Wars in an attempt to “Restore” the Emperor to his proper power (Right)! 60 Left: Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito); Right: Empress Haruko. 61 Enlightened Half-Enlightened Un-Enlightened Newspaper cartoon (c. 1870s) showing the difference between those who accept Western influence and those who stubbornly held onto traditional culture. 62 Civilization and. . . . . . Enlightenment! The Japanese became obsessed with Western culture. 63 Everything Western was fashionable!!!! 64 The Meiji Restoration helped transform Japan from a feudal society into a modern, industrial power that could rival (or mimic) Western societies. Japanese soldiers walking with their wives (notice the un-traditional clothing). 65 Abolition of the feudal system Modern Banking System (U.S. & Britain) Land Redistribution Westernize the School System (France & Germany) Meiji Reforms Written Constitution (Germans & U.S.) Human Rights & Religious Freedom (U.S.) Modernize the Army (Prussian/Germany) Build a Modern Navy (British) Emperor Worship Intensified 66 VI. Imperialism in Japan (3) • By the 1890s, Japan began to become an imperialist power itself in China, Southeast Asia, & eastern Russia. • Japan continued to industrialize due to the benefits of trade with European imperialists. • When Japan defeated both China (Sino-Japanese War of 1894) and Russia (Russo-Japanese War of 1905), it became a world power. – Japan fought with China over Korea , Taiwan, & the Liaodong Peninsula. – Japan fought with Russia over Manchuria & the Liaodong Peninsula. • Japan would start the 20th Century as one of the most powerful Nation-States in the world. 67 New players on the block? Japan and the United States wanted a piece of China too!!!! 68 Top: Sino-Japanese War that resulted in Japan’s victory over China and gaining control over Korea. 69 Japanese victory over Russia in the Russo-Japanese War. 70 Political cartoon of the Japanese victory over Russia in the Russo-Japanese War (the the spoils of that war). 71 VII. Imperialism in Africa (1) • Africa was imperialized by the Europeans much later in history due to the initial interest in the Americas. • Originally, African imperialism had been limited to African nations imperializing other African nations. • The Berlin Conference (1884) set up guidelines for African imperialism. • In the early 1900s the imperialists’ interest turned to Africa. • By 1914, only Liberia (homeland for freed U.S. slaves) and Ethiopia, were still independent. • Europeans divided up Africa in what became known as the “Scramble for Africa”—divided into areas with no regard to native rivalry. • As in other areas, the Europeans attempted to assimilate the Africans. 72 African trade and imperialism from 1450-1600. 73 “The Scramble for Africa” 74 The Berlin Conference (Left) of 1884 allowed the European powers to divide up Africa as if it was a cake that could be cut and shared. The Berlin Conference was used to justify the European powers forcefully taking African land and dividing it up into new areas—they ignored tribal differences when doing this! 75 VII. Imperialism in Africa (2) • Reasons for African Imperialism: – To increase the number of colonies (only part of the world not yet colonized). – To obtain cheap natural resources (to use for manufactured goods). – To increase trade and wealth. – To increase political power by showing military strength. The “Scramble” for Africa was a “Scramble” for power and prestige among the European powers. 76 VII. Imperialism in Africa (3) • North and Eastern Africa: – Great Britain dominated the northern and eastern portions of Africa. – Great Britain controlled the Suez Canal in Egypt (the “lifeline to India” that connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea). – The Nile River Valley was explored by Dr. David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley. • Dr. David Livingstone found Victoria Falls and was “lost” for a while. • Henry Morton Stanley was an American reporter sent to find Livingstone and report to the “civilized” world what this “uncivilized” world was like. • Dr. Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley spent the rest of their lives exploring Africa and trying to abolish the slave trade. – The French were the main rivals for colonies in the North. 77 Dr. David Livingstone (Top Left) and Henry Morton Stanley (Top Right) Livingstone and Stanley meeting for the first time (Above). Victoria Falls (Left) that Dr. David Livingstone found during his exploration of the Nile River Valley. 78 John Speke (Left) and Sir Richard Burton (Right) who explored the Nile River Valley in search of the source of the Nile River. 79 The Suez Canal (in 1881 on the Left; today in the Middle) allowed Great Britain to dominate in North Africa; Map (Right) showing the trade route between Great Britain and India. 80 VII. Imperialism in Africa (4) • Western and Central Africa: – The Western and Central portions of Africa were explored for the slave trade. – King Leopold II of Belgium dominated exploration & colonization of the Congo. – France settled in the area to prevent Belgian domination. – Western Africa was almost entirely colonized by the French. Leopold II of Belgium (Top Right); European traveling in the Congo (Bottom Right). 81 African slavery had existed for thousands of years, but was exploited to horrific levels by the white Europeans. “Black rags were wound round their loins, and the short ends behind waggled to and fro like tails. I could see every rib, the joints of their limbs were like knots in a rope; each had an iron collar on his neck, and all were connected together with a chain whose bights swung between them, rhythmically clinking.” --Joseph Conrad’s “The Heart of Darkness”-82 Harvesting rubber in the Belgian Congo (Left) and punishing natives for not working fast enough (Above). 83 “It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit.” -- Belgian Official-- 84 VII. Imperialism in Africa (5) • South Africa: – South Africa was valuable because of its sea ports, gold, & diamonds. – South Africa was initially colonized by the Dutch (fought the local Zulu). – The British took over in the early 1800s: • Cecil Rhodes set the British policy based on his belief that God wanted him to “Paint as much of Africa Red as possible!” • Cecil Rhodes set up the De Beers Diamond Company. • Great Britain had African colonies “from the Cape to Cairo.” • The “Sun never set on the British empire!” – In the late 1800s, Germany (in German East Africa) encouraged the Dutch South Africans (Boers or Afrikaners) to revolt against the British: • From 1899-1910 the Anglo-Boer Wars were fought and created tension between the British and Germans. • In the end, the British would win the Boer Wars. • The British then set up the Union of South Africa and to appease the Boers only allowed whites to vote…this is the beginning of the Apartheid. • South Africa would be dominated by outside forces until the Apartheid ended in the late 20th Century. 85 Dutch settlers colonizing South Africa in 1652. 86 Zulu Warrior of South Africa. Dutch settlers (Boers) clashing with a Zulu tribe. 87 Cecil Rhodes (Left) worked hard to create a vast British empire globally (Above) and in Africa (Right). 88 Left: Political cartoon of British imperialism. Right: Zulu warriors fighting against British soldiers. 89 The Anglo-Boer Wars (shown in these photos) were fought between the British imperialists and the Dutch South Africans known as Boers or Afrikaners. German East Africa encouraged this war in an effort to become more powerful than Great Britain. 90 VII. Imperialism in Africa (6) • Africa Today (Post-Imperialism): – Most African colonies gained independence by 1980 and became independent nations (as African Nationalism grew). – These African colonies had difficulty transitioning to self-government due to their long dependence upon the imperialist nations. – Many of these Africa nations are still trying to industrialize. – Lack on modern communication and transportation systems has made it difficult for these African nations to compete in the global economy. – Attempts at establishing democracies have failed due to the weak economies…military dictatorships have dominated instead. – Thus, much of Africa is engaged in bloody civil wars due to the political boundaries drawn by the European powers that put rival groups together. – The major languages in Africa are French, English, and Portuguese. 91 Left: Africa during Imperialism; Right: Modern Africa. 92 Africa is among the world’s “Hot Spots” for conflict. 93 VIII. Imperialism in Latin America (1) • Spain and Portugal dominated imperialism in Latin America through the 1800s. • Revolts, inspired by the Enlightenment and the Age of Revolutions, began to occur in the 1800s. • Father Miguel Hidalgo led Native Americans in rebellion against the Spanish and gained Mexico’s independence in 1821. • The Brazilian natives pushed the Portuguese out of Brazil by 1822. • Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar led the independence movements in South America to push the Spanish out in 1824. 94 Independence Movements in Latin America. 95 Father Miguel Hidalgo (Left) led Mexico to independence; Simon Bolivar (Middle) and Jose de San Martin (Right) led South America to independence. 96 VIII. Imperialism in Latin America (2) • The United States began asserting its influence with President James Monroe’s Monroe Doctrine in 1823 to guarantee the new independence of Latin America by promising to intervene to ensure protection from European influences. • The U.S. defeated the Spanish in the Spanish-American War in 1898 and began to create an empire in Latin America. • The U.S. still greatly influences political and economic conditions in Latin America today. Political cartoon showing the “Benefits” of American imperialism in Latin America and Southeast Asia. 97 U.S. President James Monroe (Top Left) issued the Monroe Doctrine to guarantee the independence of the newly formed Latin American nations, while also ensuring American influence over those nations. 98 Creoles (left) led independence movements and paved the way for the caudillos to seize power like Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (right). Creoles (descendants of Europeans who were born in Latin America) and Mestizos (European-American mixed) led the independence movements for equality; peninsulares, Europeans who temporarily resided in Latin America and then left, were resented by the creoles; Caudillos took over the newly independent nations and ruled through military power. 99 IX. The Last Step Towards Global War • Extreme Nationalism had swept through the world in the 1800s. • The Industrial Revolution allowed nations to create large, technologically advanced militaries to assert their power. • As the industrialized nations reached out around the world in search of more colonies and political power, conflict grew between them. • Now, in the early part of the 1900s, industrialized nations were in conflict with each other in all sections of the world. • These tensions would continue to grow, as Nationalism, industrialization, and imperialism grew, and would lead to the Great War (the “War to End All Wars”)…World War I. 100 “Paint as much of Africa Red as possible!” 101