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World Civilizations
The Global Experience
AP* Sixth Edition
Chapter
29
The World Between
Wars: Revolutions,
Depression and the
Authoritarian Response
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
AP tests
• Test is on Thursday 15 May
• You need to be preparing now
– See the wiki for cram packets
– Check the PowerPoint on the wiki for information on
the test and how to approach frq’s
– We all will prepare for this test on the week of 12 May
• Students not taking the AP test on Thursday will
take a “mock” AP test as a “final exam”
• We all will continue to work through remaining
chapters to the end of the school year…
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Big Picture
• World War I provided a global shock and diminished
confidence in the progressive confidence in
technology and liberalism
– Colonial peoples saw the weakness in the European
system
– Europe less confident and powerful yet ended with more
colonial territories (and problems)
• World War I and the Depression that followed provided
different lessons for different nations: Lessons that
would provoke the conditions for a global war
– The One-two punch of war and depression had a jarring
effect on nations and the interaction between nations
• The period between the World Wars can be seen as a
gathering storm- Title of volume 1 of Churchill’s epic
history of World War II
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
General Lessons: A Dichotomy
• Progressivism and Liberalism
– The emergency of War revealed the power of central
economic planning in energizing and directing growthprogressivism- this is the opposite of liberalism– First observed in Communist USSR and fascist Italy
– Later adopted by other states when Depression strikes
• The drive to autarchy in a global age
– Synthesis if nationalism and the crisis of the DepressionEvident in Japan by 1931, Germany by 1936
• The individual and the collective age
– New communication technology elevates populist leaders
who can mobilize the energy and emotions of publicGolden age of radio
• .
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
More General Lessons
• Nations versus Class: The Battle of Identity
– Nationalists see power in nation and its history
– Communists see power in class and its economic
power
• War and Peace
– Britain France and US work harder to avoid war
– Germany and Italy come to view war as cultural
hygiene
– Japan was a marshal society that gained the
most with the least effort in World War I
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Key Events
• A Revolution transitions tsarist Russia from a
liberal democracy to a communist autocracy
• A Civil War in China pits nationalist forces
against a growing communist-peasant
movement
• A global depression jars much of the world
into political readjustments
– Left wing (liberal-radical) responses
 Often focused on class identity
– Right wing (conservative- reactionary) response
 Often ultra-nationalist
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Some aspects to look for
•
Art is an intriguing barometer of culture and
cultural shifts
–
–
–
•
Art is part of a mass-consuming society and its
popularity is a valuable measure of cultural values
Authoritarian and progressive leaders use art to
mobilize public opinion
Art can act as the conscience of the public- form of
dissent
Revolutionary political orders work to change
other aspects of the S.P.I.C.E paradigm
–
The 20th century was the golden age of the
revolution
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
How did World War I leave the International
Order? The Satisfied Powers
• The satisfied powers sought to avoid conflict
and wanted to preserve the global status quo
– France and Britain ended the war with more
colonial possessions and more problems
 Both states sustained losses in men and material that left
them weaker
– For vastly different reasons, America and new
USSR limited their role in European affairs following
the war
– Japan ended the war with a sizable gain in the
Pacific and in China
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
How did World War I leave the International
Order? The Unsatisfied Powers
• The unsatisfied powers felt that they were cheated by
World War I and wanted to change the international
status quo
– Italy hopes for large territorial gains in WWI did not
materialize
 Benito Mussolini’s call for a new Roman Empire stoked the flame of
Italian nationalism and brought him to power
– Many Germans believed that they were stabbed in the back
by the liberal government that took over following the
abdication of the Kaiser- Armistice and Treaty of Versailles
 Hitler and Nazi movement would play on this mythology to come to
power- mobilize angry veterans and dissatisfied nationalists
– Many states in Eastern Europe were relatively weak and
dependent on the west and bitter rivalries between each
other
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
How did World War I leave the International
Order? The Unstable Powers
• China was mired in civil war between warlords
communists and nationalists
• Mexico struggles through civil war with
nationalism, socialism and indigenism at the
core
• Communist forces work to make and remake
the Soviet Union a post-national state and the
incubator of world revolution
• The depression would generate a second wave
of revolutions in the 1930’s
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Birth of Mussolini’s Fascist Italy: A
Blueprint for Collective Authoritarianism to
Glorify the Nation
• Blending nationalism with socialism
– Progressive management of the economy for the national
interest
 Anti-liberal in economic terms
 Anti-liberal in political terms- authoritarian
– Synthesis of nationalist identity with socialist economic
management- corporate state
– Appealed to business who feared labor and intellectuals
frustrated by stalemated politics driven by self-interest
• Invited to form a government by Italian King. He worked to
eliminate opposition
• The theatre of Fascism
• Fascists like Mussolini claimed that this was the wave of the
future. Watched closely by Adolf Hitler- Fascist groups arose
in many countries, including the United States
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Some Patterns of Fascism
• Emotional appeal to nationalism
• Large impressive displays of power and authority
– Party paramilitaries
– Advocate aggressive foreign policy
• Appeal to order and bulwark against communism
• Authoritarian government
– of or pertaining to a governmental or political system, principle, or practice in
which individual freedom is
held as completely subordinate to the power or authority of the state, centered either in o
ne person or a small group that is not constitutionally accountable to the people.
– This is a lesson taken from emergency decrees during World war I
• Collectivist- anti-individual
• Gained wider appeal following the emergency of the
Depression
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Source: Mussolini and Hitler
• The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism 777
Mussolini
• Mein Kampf 780 Hitler
– How do these two tracts reveal some of the patterns
of fascism?
– How would these political philosophies challenge the
satisfied powers of Britain and France?
– What ideas do you see in these tracts that would reignite a general European and global war?
• Hitler would need the catastrophe of the
Depression to achieve political power- more later
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Soviet Experiment: Collective Authoritarianism
in the Name of Class Struggle
• Periodization of Communism in Soviet Union to World War II
– Revolutionary phase (1917-1921)
 Defeat counter-revolutionaries and invading forces
 Nationalization of factories and farms resisted
– Compromise and stabilization (1921-1927)
 New Economic Policy- a compromise between capitalist initiatives and socialist
production
 Organization of a federal system of socialist republics (USSR) to replace the
Russian Empire
•
Class consciousness to replace national identities
 Aggressively support the international aspects of world communist revolutionComintern
– Aggressive collectivization and purging “counter-revolutionaries”: Stalin
and the new Russian Empire
 When one person dies, it’s a tragedy, when a million people die, it’s a statistic.Josef Stalin
– The emergence of the USSR was an example of a challenge to western
liberalism from the left
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The New Soviet Union and the
World
• Communism and the Soviet Union became a
pariah to the west
– Similar to French liberalism in the early 19th century
– Fear of communism formed the fuel for right wing
authoritarian movements
– Early success emboldened Communist movements in
other places- notably China
• Stalin would assume a more traditional view of
Soviet (Russian Empire) interests
– Fear Germany’s growth in 1930’s- no powerful buffer
states
– Isolated from the west due to support of glonal
communism
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
From Lenin to Stalin
• Lenin negotiates the
Revolution through a
combination of Communist
ideology and compromise
• Lenin dies in 1924 and is
embalmed and left on
display
• Lenin personally felt Stalin
was too brutal to rule
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Best buddies? No, this
picture was altered to
validate Stalin’s ascent
to power
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Lenin’s Tomb
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Mobilizing a Revolution
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Creating Historical Legitimacy
The popular perception of the past validates the
present and controls the future
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Stalinism and the Soviet Union
• Stalin induced collectivism and socialism to
modernize the Soviet economy
– Ended the experimental and incremental compromise
of Lenin
– Pressure on agricultural economy to produce food to
feed growing industrial workforce
 Collectivization of agriculture
 Farmers often starved meeting quotas
 Kulaks- prosperous farmers- refused to cooperate- killed or
deported
– Stalin’s imposition of collectivization and socialism
would kill upward to 40 million
 In aggregate terms- more deadly than Hitler
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Managing the Working Class
• Propaganda important in directing the sacrifices of the
proletariat
– Social realism- genera of literature that idealizes the class
struggle and sacrifice for the people- a new form of romanticism
• Socialism driven by a command (rather than demand)
economy
– Five year plans that set production quotas
– Inefficient and weak in meeting consumer demand
– Succeeded in transforming the backward Russian economy to
the third largest economy
• Totalitarianism- the Communist Party controls all aspects of
public life
– Secret police and state-sponsored terror supports party line
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Propaganda and the Working Class: Communist,
Liberal (Progressive) and Fascist
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
China’s Struggle in the Age of
Nations
• Qing seemed to have lost the Mandate of
Heaven- Who will assume rule over the
beleaguered Middle Kingdom?
– Regional warlords?
– A new Chinese Monarchy
– A liberal nationalist republic
• Obstacles
– Continued western economic domination
– The growing power of Japan
– Internal divisions
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Struggle for Government
• Coalition of revolutionary forces elected Sun
Yat-sen to be the first president of the
Republic of China
– Set up a parliament based on European models
– Depended on warlords for military power
• Warlord Yuan Shikai’s ambition to be a new
emperor along with his weak stand against
Japanese (The infamous 21 demands) leads
to his overthrow in a second revolution
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
May Fourth Movement and the
Move toward Liberal Democracy
• Mass protests inspired by the failure of the
Versailles peace treaty to protect Chinese
sovereignty from growing Japanese influence
• Protesters called for a wave of
modernizations based on European models
– Rejection of Confucianism
– Western style individualism
– Women’s rights
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
A Nationalist and Communist
Answer to China’s Future
• Sun yat-sen and his son-in –law Chiang Kai-shek
sought a nationalist solution to the problem of strong
central government
Formed the Guomindang Party (Nationalist)
• Groups within party grew interested in mobilizing the
peasant class
– Inspired by Russian Revolution
– Li Dazhao leads intellectual movement adapts Marx’s
theories to a peasant society
– Nationalists used this wing of the Guomandang to reach
peasants
– Guomandang leaders were not able to reach peasantry
who suffered greatly under exploitive landlords
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Civil War
• Sun Yatsen died in 1924- Chaing takes over
leadership of Guomandang
• Turns on Marxist wing of party in great purge
in 1927
• Mao Zedong rises as leader of Communists
and rallies them on a heroic march The Long
March- 6000 miles evading Nationalist
attacks
• The Long March is part of the heroic narrative
that validates the Chinese Communist Party
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Long March
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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China c.a. 1930
• Spheres of influence continue to
compromise sovereignty- particularly
Japan
• Rural peasantry continue to suffer
increasable poverty and exploitation
• Nationalist government struggles to
effectively govern and are wearing down
communist forces
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Causes of the Great Depression
• The European Age generated new levels of
economic interdependence
• World War I was a shock to global trade- will not
recover until 1950
• A global agricultural depression struck by the
early 1920’s- overproduction
– Agricultural economies could demand less products
from industrial economies which over-produced
– Revealed the failure of liberal (free market forces)
• European economies depended on reparation
payments generated by borrowed money- fragile
foundation
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Autarchic Response to the
Great Depression
• Italy and the Soviet Union with less liberal economies
suffered the least during the Depression
– The experience of the depression generated several
illiberal responses
 Higher tariffs- protectionism and trade wars in industrial
economies
 Progressive interference in economic activity Keynesian
Economics and government spending
• A wave of authoritarian governments with ultranationalist agendas take hold
– Latin American personalist dictatorships
– National Socialism of Germany
– Falangist challenge to the liberal Spanish Republic
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The decline and fall of the
Weimar Republic
• First act of Weimar government was to sign armistice
and Versailles Treaty
– Became target of popular right wing German mythology of
the stab in the back
– Had to negotiate reparations, hyperinflation and French
occupation
– Able to recover during the late 1920’s until the Depression
hit
• Left (class identity) and right (national identity)
authoritarian parties wrestle for power in early 1930’s
• Hitler’s national socialist party asked to form a
coalition government by aged German President Paul
von Hindenberg
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
National Socialism and The Making of
the Thousand Year Reich
• Hitler drew from German history to validate an
authoritarian rebuilding of Germany restoring it to
historic greatness (Thousand Year Reich)
– Dismantle the yoke of Versailles
– Rebuild the German economy through cooperation and
management of bourgeoisie- focus on rearmament and a
racist national policy
– Expand German borders with an aggressive foreign policy
• Drew heavily from fascist models developed by
Mussolini
• Hitler had many admirers around the world including
Henry Ford
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Latin America and the Depression
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Spain: A Preface for World War II
• A liberal Republican government in Spain would
weaken the power of the Catholic Church and
landlords in 1931
• In the summer of 1936, the military under Francisco
Franco organize a coup de etat
– Drive to great a fascist state
• Republican loyalists fight fascists in a three year
bloody civil war
– Republicans receive little direct aide from western
democracies who fear a larger war (except the USSR
and volunteer groups from Britain, France and America)
– Emboldened the fascist powers of the benefits of action
and the democracies unwillingness to act
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Spanish Civil War as a
Preface to WWII
• Franco supported a program of terror over
cities that remained loyal to the Spanish
Republican Government
• Franco invited the aide of Italy and GermanyThey tested their new military technologies
on Spanish civilians
• Guernica April 1937 (pop. 7000)- Market
Day- draws in more civilians
– Hundreds killed
– City burned to the ground
– Precursor to civilian targets by military air raids
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Guernica: Painting by Pablo
Picasso
• “What do you think an
artist is? ...he is a political
being, constantly aware of
the heart breaking,
passionate, or delightful
things that happen in the
world, shaping himself
completely in their image.
Painting is not done to
decorate apartments. It is
an instrument of war.”
― Pablo Picasso
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
On Guernica: Art as War
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Twenty Years after Versailles
• Europe begins the process of globalization
– Internal developments influence the world
– Influence of revolutions, even against colonial
rule in a later age
– Many in Europe alarmed at this new role
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.