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UNIT 2 ASIA Modern History The Delhi Sultanate •first major Islam empire •In the 7th century Muslims came to India. •Islam and Hinduism are VERY different •ended the Delhi Sultanate with strong rulers such as Babur and Akbar •Akbar include capable Hindus in the government and won their loyalty •got rid of religion tax on Hindus •tried to combine Christianity, Islam and Hinduism into a religion “divine faith” •Taj Mahal was built during this time by Shah Jahan for his wife. •the language of Urdu was created as a mix of Hindi and Persian (Iranian) single European Trading Companies •while Akbar ruled India (1556 - 1605) European ships called Indian ports home •Portugal was the first country to come under Vasco da Gama •Europeans came for trade like Indigo (plant where blue dye is made) •the British East India company founded major cities of Madras (Chennai), Calcutta (Kolkata) and Bombay (Mumbai) as trading centers •British and France wanted control of India •Robert Clive and the British won at the battle of Plessey in 1757 and bye France •the Indian rajahs were unable to unite so the British picked them off one by one •By the 1850s, the East India Company controlled almost all of India. •The British monarch appointed an official called a viceroy to govern the company’s territory in India •Under its indirect rule, the British imposed harsh taxes and land reforms on Indian farmers •The worked hard to undermine Indian languages and traditions •It was mostly the upper Indian classes who benefited from the British as they were the landowners •They sent their kids to British schools. •The peasants became increasingly poorer •Population increases strained food supplies and widespread famines often made conditions desperate •British had all the best jobs; laws were British laws, not Indian •if Indian customs went against British law it was done away •In 1829 the British raj (government) did away with suttee which was a traditional Indian practice in which a widow (often drugged at the time) was forced to commit suicide on her husbands funeral pyre. •British set themselves apart from Indian society •in 1855 a law was passed that stated that seypoys (Indians in the British military) could be sent to other parts of Asia. •In 1857 the British started to use new Enfield rifles wear to load, you had to bite off the tops of greased cartridges. •rumors had it that it was greased in cow and pork fat which was against Hindu and Islamic religion •the seypoys refused to use the rifles so some were sent to jail or quit or mutinied (rose in rebellion) against the British. •it took a year for the British to quell the invasion •in 1876 Queen Victoria made India a part of the British Empire •by 1870 the British had built the best railroad system in Asia which is still used today •many Indians call this the first Indian war for independence. •after the seapoy rebellion, the new Indian leader was usually educated in Britain and just wanted to live as equals with the Brits. •1885 the Indian National Congress was formed •since the Congress was mostly Hindu, the Muslims set up the Muslim League in 1906 •during WW I the movement went from being passive and patient to an aggressive and demanding one. •in Amritsar during a peaceful demonstration the Brits opened fire on them and killed hundreds •Following WWII, European colonization began to crumble. •In India an independence movement that began prior to the war gained strength. •For decades, Indian lived under the British Empire. •They suffered discrimination and unjust treatment in their own country. •Mohandas Gandhi was a Hindu who believed in non-violent protest as a means of gaining freedom from great Britain. •Gandhi led a successful independence movement, in which he and his followers willing endured beatings, imprisonment, and even death at the hands of the British authorities. •All the while, they peacefully refused to obey unjust laws. •Their passive resistance won the support of outsiders and even many British citizens. •Gandhi’s efforts led to India’s independence and the birth of the Muslim state of Pakistan in 1947. Lasting Effects of British Rule •set up a modern education system •English as a common language •India uses a British form a government •Established railroads, telegraph, and postal system •idea of rule by law and individual freedom •in Punjab, the Sikh now want autonomy, not independence •Kashmir was been a major battleground since independence due to religion •it is the only Indian state with a Muslim majority so most of them want to be with Pakistan •there has been three wars fought over this area as recently as 1999 •Assam is in the far east of India and too wants independence since they are more SE Asian than Indian The Ayodhya Situation •in the 16th century Babar built a mosque on the site of where a Hindu God was supposedly born. •so it has been a battle site since then. •in 1992 a radical Hindu group burned down the mosque and tried to build a temple on its site. •in 2002 major religious fighting broke out due to this The Tsunami •the day after Christmas in 2004 a major earthquake off the coast of Indonesia sent a Tsunami (a large tidal wave) crashing into the east coast of Sri Lanka and India. •it killed almost 50,000 in these two countries •West was more educated and was more developed while East was jungle like and more so with the Indians •for 20 years the west dominated the country •in 1970 the East had more population than the west and they won the elections •the military in the west refused to recognize the results and kept power. •the east leaders were put in jail or killed and many innocent people in the east were killed by the army •in 1971 the East declared their independence and called themselves Bangladesh •Pakistan could do little as the Indians helped the Bangladeshi's out. - Bangladesh is the natural disaster capital of the world. - since it sits on a delta, just a little flooding will flood much of the country. - during cyclones, most of the country is under water. - cyclones kill thousands every time. - though it is small, its pop is 140 million •since indipendence both countries have hated each other. •they have fought in 3 major wars, mostly over Kashmir •when India was divided, 1 million lost their lives •in 1998 both countries successfully tested atomic bombs which ticked off the world •Pak and India fought again in 1999 in Kashmir •India takes pride in being the worlds largest democracy but it tried to hold onto Kashmir forcefully has •India did not allow the Muslim majority to go to Pakistan •Kashmir is one of the most beautiful places in the world; rich resources and its people are very educated in •Muslims in Kashmir sometimes use violence; so the Indians tried to put this down violently have •now Kashmir is a war zone with no tourist •Pakistan does have half of Kashmir but they want all of it. •In the late 14th century, the Chinese drove the Mongols from China and established a series of dynasties. •Dynasties are families that continue to rule for generations. •China’s first dynasty after the Mongol’s was the Ming Dynasty, which ruled from 1368 to 1644. •Its first emperor, Taizu, built the current Great Wall of China to protect his country from the Mongols. •Although the Chinese built earlier walls, they were mostly made of dirt and wood and failed to keep out the invading Mongol army. •Taizu rebuilt the wall with stone. •Today, the remaining portion of the Great Wall dates to the Ming period. •It stretches more than 4,100 miles across portions of northern China. •After Taizu’s death, his son, Chengzu, became emperor. •Chengzu believed that the key to China’s future depended on establishing contact and trade with the rest of the world. •He ordered his naval commander, Zheng He, to embark on several sea voyages to show the countries to the west China’s great wealth and power. •Zheng sailed 63 ships carrying more than 28,000 men from China to Malaysia, India, the Middle East and Africa. •Everywhere they anchored, Zheng He would ask the ruler to pay tribute to Chengzu in exchange for the right to trade with China. •Impressed, most leaders agreed and a few ever returned with Zheng to meet the emperor. •Zheng He made seven such voyages over twenty years. •The trade he established meant that foreign nations gained access to Chinese silk, paper, cotton, tea, porcelain, and other products. •Meanwhile, China received good from the rest of the world, such as ivory and new spices. •After Chengzu’s death in 1424, China’s new emperor decided that foreign trade was too expensive. •The rest of the world seemed to demand China’s products more than China sought theirs. •The emperor and his advisors agreed that the nation's money should go to strengthening the military rather than to finance commercial voyages. •China entered a period of isolation from the rest of the world. •While private merchants continued to trade along routs like the Silk Road, China never again financed large voyages like those undertaken by Zheng He. •As China was closing its door to trade, European nations were trying to find new trade routes to the East. •Europeans demanded the products China and India offered, and they hoped to find ocean routes that would allow them to ship these good cheaper. •The Portuguese sailed around Africa to reach India, China, and Japan by 1543. •The Spanish arrived in the Philippines in 1565. •With the help of faster ships and advanced weapons (many of which depended on gunpowder that had been invented by the Chinese), the Europeans seized control of key trade routes in the Indian Ocean. •Threatening to use military force if necessary, European nations forced India and China to engage in trade. •At first, China resisted •Eventually, China allowed the Portuguese to trade but only in the city of Macao. •The Chinese built a wall blocking Macao from the rest of China to ensure that the Portuguese did not penetrate further into the country. •As Spain began to get silver from their colonies in the Americas, China began allowing more Spanish trade as well. •China used silver for money, and the silver Spanish traders paid for their products greatly boosted the Chinese economy. •Later, during the 1600s, British and Dutch fleets reached Eastern and Southern Asia as well. China’s Relations with Other Countries: The Tribute System •Chinese silk and porcelain found good markets in Europe •The Chinese, however, were not interested in European goods. •Since ancient times, China’s trade has been based on the tribute system. •Tribute is money paid regularly by one ruler or nation to another as an acknowledgement of an inferior-superior relationship between the two. •According to these ideas, Chinese civilization was superior to all others and those people who lived outside China were considered barbarians •As time passed, the European governments began to pressure the Chinese to do away with it. •Massive population growth and poor leadership by the Ming emperors led to a number of peasant rebellions. •In the midst of this chaos, a people known as the Manchu's invaded and conquered China. •They established the Qing dynasty and ruled until 1912. •The Qing added to China’s size and wealth by conquering Taiwan and Tibet. •Europe wanted trade with China more than ever. •The Qing decided to allow trade on a limited basis. •They created the Canton System. •The Canton System only allowed Europeans to trade in the Chinese city of Canton (modern day city of Guangzhou). •The Qing intended to limit trade and protect the Chinese people from what they viewed as Europe’s negative influence. •The Canton System allowed Europeans to bring new products from their colonies in the Western Hemisphere. •These products included squash, corn, sweet potatoes and tobacco. •Chinese and Indian consumers like the new products. •They bought and planted many of the new foods. •Meanwhile, luxury items like tobacco became very popular. •The system proved profitable. •Both Chinese merchants and European trades got very rich. •The Chinese smoked opium for hundreds of years before the Europeans arrived. •Opium us a drug made from poppy plants. •It is very strong and addictive. •Today, these same opium poppies are used to make drugs like morphine (an addictive pain killer) and heroin. •Originally, the Chinese used opium predominantly as a medicine. •However, as its use increased, many became addicted and used it as a “recreation drug” (drug just for getting high). •When Europeans arrived, they began shipping increased amounts of opium into the country. •More and more people became addicted. •Even after the Qing emperor outlaws the product, British smugglers continued supplying it to Chinese citizens. •In the 1840’s, Great Britain and China went to war over the opium trade. •Due to superior weapons, the British defeated the Chinese relatively easily. •Britain's victory in the Opium War meant the end of the Canton system. •It also resulted in China having to lease the port city of Hong Kong to the British. •Hong Kong was an important center of trade in Eastern Asia. •Whoever controlled Hong Kong controlled much of the trade and wealth coming in and out of China. •Britain used its new power to impose trade policies that allowed British traders to grow rich while China made little money. •As Britain's influence increased and more opium arrived from India, China’s government grew weaker and its people poorer. •Japan eventually surpassed China as the most prosperous and modern nation in Eastern Asia. The Chinese government now only existed on paper, not in reality The foreigners could do anything they wanted to China as they only had to follow their own laws. Foreign goods were now cheaper than Chinese goods were China was carved up into spheres of influence which is where one nation claims there part of China for their special privileges. •The Chinese Republic was set up in 1911 when rid of the dynasty type of rule in China. •The first ruler was Dr. Sun; “the Father of the Revolution” it got Chinese •For years Dr. Sun spread the idea that the Chinese people should have a government “of the people, by the people, and for the people” •In 1912, he set up the Kuomintang. •Kuomintang – The movement founded by Sun Yat-Sen to make China a modern democratic republic. •It is now a part of the Republic of China, located on the island of Taiwan •During the late 19th century and into the 20th century, China grew very unstable. •Poverty and starvation led to unrest among many of China’s peasants. •In 1912, a revolution replaced the emperor with a Chinese republic. •China was divided from 1916 to 1926 when Chiang Kai-shek took over and united most of China. •His only nemesis was Mao Zedong and the Communist •In 1931 Japan invaded Northern China which was their industrial base. •Though Japan took part of China, Kai-shek and his nationalist forced the Communist to retreat from eastern China into western China which was known as the long march. •130,000 Communist started on the long march of 5,000 miles and only 25,000 survived. •In 1937 Japan attempted to take all of China and during this time the nationalist and the Communist fought with one another. •Tensions soon mounted between the Nationalist and Communist. •The Nationalist favored capitalism. •They wanted to allow private ownership of businesses, factories, and property. •The Communist wanted a command economy with land, property, and businesses in the hands of the state. •The Communist argued that only such an economy would ease the suffering of China’s poor rural population. Civil War and the Success of the Communist Revolution •In 1945 Japan lost World War 2 and left China •The nationalist and communist tried to work together but in 1947 another civil war broke out. •Although the Communist were weaker militarily, they won a huge victory over the nationalist. •Chiang Kai-shek and his nationalist were forced to flee to Taiwan where they still rule today. •In 1945 and Communist had one million in their army compared to 3 million in the nationalist military •Plus, the nationalist received a ton of money from the US •The Nationalist government failed to use its power well; it was corrupt and more interested in becoming rich •The Nationalist did not pay attention to what the people wanted. •The communist lived for may years under very difficult conditions so they became tough and fearless and ready to die for what they believed in. •The communist had good generals and they listed to the needs of the common people. • The communist under Mao Zedong came to power in • Mao wanted to totally change Chinese civilization. • He wanted totally equality among all people social class) • Mao became God-like in China with his posters everywhere. 1949. (no •Once in power, Mao sought to modernize China. •He wanted to build industries and strengthen the country after decades of war. •In 1958, he launched the Great Leap Forward. •The Great Leap Forward was based on the communist ideal of every citizen working together for the good of the community and the state. •It involved thousands of Chinese citizens living together in communes. •They shared land for farming, worked together in factories, and tried to care for needs. •Unfortunately, the Great Leap Forward was a huge failure. •Floods, droughts, bad management, and corruption ruined China and left millions dying of starvation. •Eventually, the people returned to their small villages and town to work on government-owned land or in state-owned factories. •This started in 1966 and turned China upside down •Thousands of people lost their lives during this time of chaos and violence •Due to the failed program of the Great Leap Forward, many people, especially the intellectuals, became opposed to Mao •So Mao decided to shake things up and get rid of those who opposed him •He organized a group of young people 11 million strong into the “Red Guard” •Mao dispersed the Red Guard all over the country where they violently attacked people and things that represented the old way •Also singled out for attack were writers, scholars, and scientist; they were sent to the boonies to do hard labor. •Schools and universities were closed for several years. •In 1968 Mao called an end to the Red Guard by sending them to help out on the farms. •Mao ended up with all his power back but was a disaster for China’s economy, agriculture, and education. it Mao died in 1976 and Deng Xiaoping took over as the leader of China Deng brought about major social and economic changes to China Deng introduced elements of capitalism (private enterprise) and allowed more personal freedoms Political Changes •Deng made sure Mao was no longer treated like a god. •He got rid of the leaders who supported Mao •He wanted to get more educated people in the government Economic Policy •All major industry was still run by the government but Deng allowed individuals to own small shops •He encouraged trade with the West for more technology •Couples who agreed to have only one child got better housing, free medical care, and pay increases. •Those who did not comply were fined, had their salaries reduced, and ever lost their jobs. •Local officials in charge of population control sometimes forced women to have abortions and undergo sterilization if they exceeded the one child limit. •The policy met with much resistance because it conflicted with the Chinese tradition of having many children, •Rural families argued that sons were needed to work the fields to produce the food demanded by the government. •The policy has had a serious effect on female children as there has been a large increase in female infanticide (the killing of female infants) and in the number of abortions of female fetuses. 1. On June 3, 1989, the government of China sent in heavily armed troops and tanks into Tiananmen Square to clear away the student demonstrators 2. The students were there protesting for more political freedoms and democracy in the government. 3. The troops killed around 1,000 of the demonstrators 4. Though Deng allowed greater economic freedoms, there were never any political freedoms 5. Most of the protesters were students that had been educated in countries that were free so they wanted to bring that freedom to China •In the spring of 1989 student began to congregate at Tiananmen Square in Beijing which is the largest square in China •The students wanted greater freedom, and end to corruption •The government saw the protesters as a threat to their rule and threaten to strike at them but the students refused to go •The whole world watched all this on the news. The British got Hong Kong in 1842 from the Chinese after the Treaty of Nanking ended the Opium wars. the British kept Hong Kong until 1997 Under the British Hong Kong became the third most important financial center in the world after New York and London. It’s manufacturing out produced all of mainland China. After China took over Hong Kong, they left it a capitalist city because of all the money it brought to China. In 2002, China became a member of the World Trade Organization World Trade Organization – An international organization promoting trade among nations. It helps its members complete business transactions. It also acts as a neutral judge to solve disputes. •To protect Japan from outside influences, the Tokugawa introduced a policy of national isolation. •In 1639, the Tokugawa closed Japan to all foreigners except the Dutch and the Chinese who were permitted to trade at Nagasaki •At the same time, laws were issued that prohibited any Japanese from going to a foreign country for any reason •The penalty for violating this order was death. •Japanese who were not in the country were not permitted to return to Japan. •New ideas were considered a threat to the established order. •Lack of contact with the West at this time cost the Japanese 200 years of knowledge which would have aided Japanese development. •As Japan no longer traded with other countries it lost a lot of money •Japanese society was frozen onto four classes: samurai, peasant, artisan, and merchant. •To rule a land at peace, the Tok’s needed educated administrators rather than solders. •As a result, the writing brush began to replace the sword as the main weapon of the samurai. •They changed from a highly trained fighting force into a citydwelling class of well-educated bureaucrats and government workers. •Warfare became a matter of theory with little or no practice. •Schools were set up to teach military arts, however, gunnery and the use of firearms were usually ignored in favor of the feudal military disciplines of swordsmanship and archery •The use of the sword and the bow were favored for their character building qualities as much as their military value. •From this grew the emphasis on other character building martial arts such as judo and karate. Around the year 1800 European influence in Asia and the Pacific increased a great deal. By the mid- 1800’s much of Asia had come under control of European nations. If US ships were wreaked and sailors were captured in Japan, they were often jailed and beat up which ticked off the US 4. So the US wanted to “Open Up Japan” In 1852, the US government sent a naval expedition to Japan under the command of Commodore Matthew Perry; Perry believed that a. the US should expand through the Pacific Ocean due to Manifest Destiny (God said that the US should spread its influence over the world) b. the desire to have shipwrecked sailors and all Americans treated fairly and well c. the US wish to expand trade for economic gain and increased political power d. desire by the US to set up a coaling station for its ships •The arrival of the US ships in Tokyo in 1853 frightened the Japanese who had never seen steamships before; many panicked and moved out of Tokyo •The Emperor and the Tokugawas wished to maintain a policy of separation but they realized that Japan was helpless against modern military strength of the US and that it was not possible to maintain Japanese isolation. •The next year Japan gave in to he US demands •Soon Japan had to open-up to the rest of the world and the Tok’s looked very weak. t •Japan suffered from low tax collections so the samurai could not be paid so it ended their role in Japan •People became very unhappy with everything in Japan and demanded change. •In 1868 the Emperor abolished the of the Tok’s •So started the Meiji restoration •Meiji means “enlightened rule shogunate 1. Since Japan was very small for its population, Japan needed more room and China was their main target. 2. China had all the raw materials that Japan needed. 3. In 1932 Japan took Manchuria in northern China 4. Japan left the League of Nations in 1933 5. League of Nations – A predecessor of the United Nations, aimed at securing international security. It was created after World War I in an effort to hold countries accountable and maintain peace, but the US never joined. In 1937 Japan went to war with China in an effort to assert its dominance in Asia Its soldiers committed atrocities on the Chinese. Atrocities – now punished as war crimes, war atrocities include various kinds of torture. Japan also wanted SE Asia for more raw materials like oil and rubber The military's influence kept growing until General Hideki Tojo ruled the country in 1941. Japan’s military glorified war. Only the US stood in the way of Japan’s expansion The US cut exports to Japan and declared an embargo. Embargo – a decision by one country to eliminate all exports to and imports with another country • On Dec. 7th, 1941, the Japanese launched a surprise attack on the US bases in the Pacific at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii • The Japanese also struck at the Europeans in SE Asia • The Japanese invaded many areas at first, but after the US recovered, they were in for a long war, which they could not handle. • 4. In 1945, Japan armies were defeated in the Pacific and its home islands blockaded and under attack, Japan prepared for an all out invasion by US forces Despite great loses in men and equipment, Japan continued to fight savagely. US fighter pilots also fought on the side of the Chinese of which they called themselves the “Fighting Tigers.” The US flew supplies over the Himalayas to help the Nationalist Chinese fight against Japan One by one, the US began recapturing islands from the Japanese The US became convinced that only a direct invasion of Japan would lead to an end to the war. The US estimated that it would lose 1 million men in the invasion •In 1942, the US government launched a project to produce the first atomic bomb. •Physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer guided the design and building of the bomb. •Manhattan Project scientists tested the first bomb on July 16, 1945, near Alamogordo, New Mexico. •. however, the US had just tested an atomic bomb and on Aug. 6 and 9, the first atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. •On Aug 15 Japan surrendered. •Emperor Hirohito claimed that he was not divine. •The Allies, under the command of US General Douglas MacArthur, oversaw Japan and the drafting of a new constitution after WWII. •The new constitution established a democratic government, reduced the size of Japan’s military to a defensive force, and allowed for a modified version of the emperor. •It also guaranteed certain human rights and extended women the right to vote. •In 1951, Japan became independent again. •However, it kept a close relationship with the US. •The US poured lots of money into rebuilding Japan and helped it grow economically. •Today, Japan is one of the wealthiest and economically strongest nations in the world. •The Allies liberated Korea from the Japanese during WW II. •Since both the Soviet Union and the US played a role in its liberation, the country was divided along the 38th parallel (line of latitude running through Korea). •North Korea allied with the Soviet Union as a communist state. •South Korea became a pro-US, capitalist society. •In 1950, the Korean War began when North Korean troops crossed the 38th parallel and invaded South Korea. •The United Nations sent troops to help South Korea. •General Douglas Mac Arthur commanded the UN troops •MacArthur’s forces successfully pushed the North Koreans all the way back to the northernmost parts of Korea. •Things changed again, however, when Chinese troops crossed the border to help North Korea. •A stalemate soon developed, in which neither side could gain an advantage. •Both sides signed a cease-fire in 1953 that left the country divided at almost the exact same point as it had been before the war. •Today, tensions remain high between North and South Korea. •Capitalism and democracy have allowed South Korea to thrive as a wealthy, modernized society. •Meanwhile, North Korea is one of the poorest nations in the world. •Its strict communist regime pours most of the nations resources into its military rather than on efforts to modernize and benefit the population. •For 40 years, North Korea relied on its two giant neighbors, the Soviet Union and China, for political, economic, and military assistance. •in 1991, the Soviet Union broke up and the new country Russia broke off ties with the North •China ticked off the North as they became more friendlier to the South •North Korea has lived in isolation since its independence. •TVs and radios are built so they only receive North Korean stations and not South Korean stations. •The government was afraid that the people might learn new ideas •Only the government has computers •North Korea was ruled by a dictator, Kim Il Sung until his death; now his son, Kim Jong Ill rules •the North has had several droughts and many people have died of starvation •North Korea is believed to have several nuclear missiles able to reach the South and Japan. Portugal •need for spices drove Europeans here; was used as a preservative, taste better; SE is major area for spices •Vasco de Gama was the first one for Port. 1500 •shipping goods much cheaper than land (controlled my Muslims) •to make more money Port. capture many ports from Muslims •tried to spread Christianity •Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the world to Philippians which Spain soon controlled •Port. was so bad that many in SE welcomed other Euros •Euros did not like any other Euro messing with them as they got into many fights and held exclusive right to trade with ports in SE •GB had Myanmar, Malaysia, Borneo •Dutch had Indonesia •French had Indochina; Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia •US took Philip from Spain in 1898; Thai was left alone Reasons for European Interest -first for spices then for other raw materials Europeans Brought Progress -did bring peace to warring tribes and new cultural diffusion -development of a single major city -establishment of schools -encouraged farmers to grow cash crops -modern hospitals, better health Western Rule Caused Hatred -most Euros were here to make money; only use SE for raw material -no factories as Euros had those, Europeans had important jobs Japanese Occupation Japanese wanted SE raw materials took most of SE in 1942 Japanese claimed to want to free SE from Europeans “Asia to the Asians” but they really wanted to exploit them. Japanese treated SE more harshly than Euros US and Brits gave arms to guerrillas to fight the Japanese overall the Japanese occupation helped SE independence movements as it got the Europeans out, Japanese used propaganda to tarnish Euros. Japanese gave independence to many countries, Japanese trained many SE’s for war which latter helped with independence movements. •after Jap defeat all of SE declared independence •Philippians and Burma got there's but the French and Dutch tried to hold there's which caused years of fighting •After Japan’s defeat, France tried to reassert its control over Indo-China (Vietnam, Cambodia, & Laos). •In Vietnam, a nationalist movement under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh arose to resist the French. •Ho Chi Minh’s success concerned the US because they viewed him as a communist. •In 1954, the Vietnamese and Western powers reached a compromise. •They divided Vietnam into two nations. •North Vietnam fell under the communist rule of Ho Chi Minh, while the US-backed government ruled South Vietnam. •Before long, war broke out between North and South Vietnam. •The US sent military advisors and eventually troops to help the South Vietnamese resist communist forces. •The US feared that communist would spread throughout all of Eastern Asia if South Vietnam fell (the Domino Theory). •in 1964 US ships were supposedly attacked by the North in the Gulf of Ton kin (this has never been proven) in 1964 •US did not declare war on Vietnam through it sent military advisers in 1965 •Upon arrival, the US found itself fighting not only North Vietnam’s invading army, but also South Vietnamese communist known as the Viet Cong. •The Viet Cong consisted largely of poor rural farmers who felt they would fair much better under communism. •Although not nearly as modern or well supplied as the US forces, the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese launched an effective guerilla war. •In guerilla warfare, a weaker enemy attacks quickly and unexpectedly, then slips away before its enemy can fully retaliate. •It hopes to inflict enough damage that its stronger enemy will lose its will to fight. •As years passed and more and more US soldiers died in Vietnam, guerilla warfare eventually succeeded. •In 1973, the US formally ended its military involvement in Vietnam. •It signed an agreement known as the Paris Peace Accords. •Under this treaty, the US pulled out its remaining troops, and South and North Vietnam agreed to exist peacefully alongside one another. •Soon after the US troops left, however, the communist began their fight again. •In April 1975, the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon fell. •After decades of struggle, the Communist finally had all of Vietnam in their grasp. •since Cambodia is next to Vietnam it got involved in the war; both north and US used it as target practice •after the war and with Cambodia in chaos, Pol Pot took over as a communist •he started the Killing Fields as everyone was force to move to the countryside as all cities were emptied. •all opposition was killed. •after 4 years, 2 million out of 6 had been killed