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UNIT 2 ASIA
Modern History
The Delhi Sultanate
•first major Islam empire
•In the 7th century Muslims came to India.
•Islam and
Hinduism
are VERY
different
•ended the Delhi Sultanate with strong rulers such as Babur and Akbar
•Akbar include capable Hindus in the government and won their loyalty
•got rid of religion tax on Hindus
•tried to combine Christianity, Islam and Hinduism into a
religion “divine faith”
•Taj Mahal was built during this
time by Shah Jahan for his
wife.
•the language of Urdu was created
as a mix of Hindi and
Persian (Iranian)
single
European Trading Companies
•while Akbar ruled India (1556 - 1605) European ships called Indian
ports home
•Portugal was the first country to come under Vasco da Gama
•Europeans came for trade like
Indigo (plant where blue
dye is made)
•the British East India company
founded major cities of
Madras (Chennai),
Calcutta (Kolkata) and
Bombay (Mumbai) as
trading centers
•British and France wanted control of India
•Robert Clive and the British won at the
battle of Plessey in 1757 and bye
France
•the Indian rajahs were unable to unite
so the British picked them off one by
one
•By the 1850s, the East India Company controlled almost all of India.
•The British monarch appointed an official called a viceroy to govern the
company’s territory in India
•Under its indirect rule, the British imposed harsh taxes and land
reforms on Indian farmers
•The worked hard to undermine Indian languages and traditions
•It was mostly the upper Indian classes who benefited from the British
as they were the landowners
•They sent their kids to British schools.
•The peasants became increasingly poorer
•Population increases strained food supplies and widespread famines
often made conditions desperate
•British had all the best jobs; laws were British laws, not
Indian
•if Indian customs went against British law it was done away
•In 1829 the British raj (government) did away with suttee
which was a traditional Indian practice in which a
widow (often drugged at the time) was forced to
commit suicide on her husbands funeral pyre.
•British set themselves apart from Indian society
•in 1855 a law was passed that stated that seypoys (Indians in
the British military) could be sent to other parts of Asia.
•In 1857 the British started to use new Enfield rifles wear to load, you
had to bite off the tops of greased cartridges.
•rumors had it that it was greased in cow and pork fat which was against
Hindu and Islamic religion
•the seypoys refused to use the rifles so some were sent to jail or quit or
mutinied (rose in rebellion) against the British.
•it took a year for the British to quell the invasion
•in 1876 Queen Victoria made India a part of the British
Empire
•by 1870 the British had built the best railroad system in Asia
which is still used today
•many Indians call this the first Indian war
for independence.
•after the seapoy rebellion, the new Indian leader was
usually educated in Britain and just wanted to
live as equals with the Brits.
•1885 the Indian National Congress was formed
•since the Congress was mostly Hindu, the Muslims
set up the Muslim League in 1906
•during WW I the movement went from being passive
and patient to an aggressive and demanding
one.
•in Amritsar during a peaceful demonstration the Brits
opened fire on them and killed hundreds
•Following WWII, European colonization began to crumble.
•In India an independence movement that began prior to the war
gained strength.
•For decades, Indian lived under the British Empire.
•They suffered discrimination and unjust treatment in their own
country.
•Mohandas Gandhi was a Hindu who believed in non-violent
protest as a means of gaining freedom from great Britain.
•Gandhi led a successful
independence
movement, in which he
and his followers willing
endured beatings,
imprisonment, and even
death at the hands of the
British authorities.
•All the while, they peacefully
refused to obey unjust laws.
•Their passive resistance won the support of outsiders
and even many British citizens.
•Gandhi’s efforts led to India’s independence and the
birth of the Muslim state of Pakistan in 1947.
Lasting Effects of British Rule
•set up a modern education system
•English as a common language
•India uses a British form a government
•Established railroads, telegraph, and postal system
•idea of rule by law and individual freedom
•in Punjab, the Sikh now want autonomy, not independence
•Kashmir was been a major battleground since independence
due to religion
•it is the only Indian state with a Muslim majority so most of
them want to be with Pakistan
•there has been three wars fought over this area as recently
as 1999
•Assam is in the far east of India and too wants independence
since they are more SE Asian than Indian
The Ayodhya Situation
•in the 16th century Babar built a mosque on the site of where a
Hindu God was supposedly born.
•so it has been a battle site since then.
•in 1992 a radical Hindu group burned down the mosque and tried
to build a temple on its site.
•in 2002 major religious fighting broke out due to this
The Tsunami
•the day after Christmas in 2004 a major
earthquake off the coast of Indonesia
sent a Tsunami (a large tidal wave) crashing
into the east coast of Sri Lanka and India.
•it killed almost 50,000 in these two countries
•West was more educated and was more developed
while East was jungle like and more so with the Indians
•for 20 years the west dominated the country
•in 1970 the East had more population than the
west and they won the elections
•the military in the west refused to recognize the results and kept
power.
•the east leaders were put in jail or killed and many innocent people in
the east were killed by the army
•in 1971 the East declared their independence and called themselves
Bangladesh
•Pakistan could do little as the Indians helped the Bangladeshi's out.
- Bangladesh is the natural disaster capital of the
world.
- since it sits on a delta, just a little flooding will flood
much of the country.
- during cyclones, most of the country is under water.
- cyclones kill thousands every time.
- though it is small, its pop is 140 million
•since indipendence both countries have hated each other.
•they have fought in 3 major wars, mostly over Kashmir
•when India was divided, 1 million lost their lives
•in 1998 both countries successfully tested atomic bombs
which ticked off the world
•Pak and India fought again in 1999 in Kashmir
•India takes pride in being the worlds largest democracy but it
tried to hold onto Kashmir forcefully
has
•India did not allow the Muslim majority to go to Pakistan
•Kashmir is one of the most beautiful places in the world; rich
resources and its people are very educated
in
•Muslims in Kashmir sometimes use violence; so the Indians
tried to put this down violently
have
•now Kashmir is a war zone with no tourist
•Pakistan does have half of Kashmir but they want all of it.
•In the late 14th century, the Chinese drove
the Mongols from China and established
a series of dynasties.
•Dynasties are families that continue to rule for generations.
•China’s first dynasty after the Mongol’s was the Ming Dynasty,
which ruled from 1368 to 1644.
•Its first emperor, Taizu, built the current Great Wall of China to
protect his country from the Mongols.
•Although the Chinese built earlier walls, they were mostly made
of dirt and wood and failed to keep out the invading Mongol army.
•Taizu rebuilt the wall with stone.
•Today, the remaining portion of the Great Wall dates to the Ming
period.
•It stretches more than 4,100 miles across portions of northern
China.
•After Taizu’s death, his son, Chengzu,
became emperor.
•Chengzu believed that the key to
China’s future depended on
establishing contact and trade with
the rest of the world.
•He ordered his naval commander,
Zheng He, to embark on several
sea voyages to show the countries to the west
China’s great wealth and power.
•Zheng sailed 63 ships carrying more than 28,000 men
from China to Malaysia, India, the Middle East and
Africa.
•Everywhere they anchored, Zheng He would ask the
ruler to pay tribute to Chengzu in exchange for the right
to trade with China.
•Impressed, most leaders agreed and a few ever
returned with Zheng to meet the emperor.
•Zheng He made seven such voyages over twenty
years.
•The trade he established meant that foreign nations
gained access to Chinese silk, paper, cotton, tea,
porcelain, and other products.
•Meanwhile, China received good from the rest of the
world, such as ivory
and new spices.
•After Chengzu’s death in 1424, China’s new emperor
decided that foreign trade was too expensive.
•The rest of the world seemed to demand China’s
products more than China sought theirs.
•The emperor and his advisors agreed that the nation's
money should go to strengthening the military rather
than to finance commercial voyages.
•China entered a period of isolation from the rest of the
world.
•While private merchants continued to trade along routs
like the Silk Road, China never again financed large
voyages like those undertaken by Zheng He.
•As China was closing its door to trade, European nations were
trying to find new trade routes to the East.
•Europeans demanded the products China and India offered, and
they hoped to find ocean routes that would allow them to ship
these good cheaper.
•The Portuguese sailed around Africa to reach India, China, and
Japan by 1543.
•The Spanish arrived in the Philippines in 1565.
•With the help of faster ships and advanced weapons (many of
which depended on gunpowder that had been invented by the
Chinese), the Europeans seized control of key trade routes in the
Indian Ocean.
•Threatening to use military force if necessary, European nations
forced India and China to engage in trade.
•At first, China resisted
•Eventually, China allowed the Portuguese to trade but only in the
city of Macao.
•The Chinese built a wall blocking Macao from the rest of China to
ensure that the Portuguese did not penetrate further into the
country.
•As Spain began to get silver from
their colonies in the Americas,
China began allowing more
Spanish trade as well.
•China used silver for money, and
the silver Spanish traders
paid for their products greatly
boosted the Chinese economy.
•Later, during the 1600s, British and
Dutch fleets reached
Eastern and Southern Asia
as well.
China’s Relations with Other Countries: The Tribute System
•Chinese silk and porcelain found good markets in Europe
•The Chinese, however, were not interested in European goods.
•Since ancient times, China’s trade has been based on the tribute
system.
•Tribute is money paid regularly by one ruler or nation to another as an
acknowledgement of an inferior-superior relationship between the two.
•According to these ideas, Chinese civilization was superior to all others
and those people who lived outside China were considered barbarians
•As time passed, the European governments began to pressure the
Chinese to do away with it.
•Massive population growth and poor leadership by the
Ming emperors led to a number of peasant rebellions.
•In the midst of this chaos, a people known as the
Manchu's invaded and conquered China.
•They established the Qing dynasty and ruled until 1912.
•The Qing added to China’s size
and wealth by conquering
Taiwan and Tibet.
•Europe wanted trade with China
more than ever.
•The Qing decided to allow trade on a
limited basis.
•They created the Canton System.
•The Canton System only allowed
Europeans to trade in the Chinese
city of Canton (modern day city
of Guangzhou).
•The Qing intended to limit trade and
protect the Chinese people from
what they viewed as Europe’s negative influence.
•The Canton System allowed Europeans to bring new products
from their colonies in the Western Hemisphere.
•These products included squash, corn, sweet potatoes and
tobacco.
•Chinese and Indian consumers like the new products.
•They bought and planted many of the new foods.
•Meanwhile, luxury items like tobacco became very popular.
•The system proved profitable.
•Both Chinese merchants and European trades got very rich.
•The Chinese smoked opium for hundreds of years before the
Europeans arrived.
•Opium us a drug made from poppy plants.
•It is very strong and addictive.
•Today, these same opium poppies are used to make drugs like
morphine (an addictive pain killer) and heroin.
•Originally, the Chinese used opium predominantly as a medicine.
•However, as its use increased, many became addicted and used
it as a “recreation drug” (drug just for getting high).
•When Europeans arrived, they began shipping increased
amounts of opium into the country.
•More and more people became addicted.
•Even after the Qing emperor outlaws the product,
British smugglers continued supplying it to
Chinese citizens.
•In the 1840’s, Great Britain and China went to war over
the opium trade.
•Due to superior weapons, the British defeated the
Chinese relatively easily.
•Britain's victory in the Opium War meant the end of the
Canton system.
•It also resulted in China having to lease the port city of
Hong Kong to the British.
•Hong Kong was an important center of trade in Eastern
Asia.
•Whoever controlled Hong Kong controlled much of the
trade and wealth coming in and out of China.
•Britain used its new power to impose trade policies that
allowed British traders to grow rich while China made
little money.
•As Britain's influence increased and more opium arrived
from India, China’s government grew
weaker and its people poorer.
•Japan eventually surpassed China
as the most prosperous and
modern nation in Eastern Asia.
The Chinese government now only existed on paper, not in
reality
The foreigners could do anything they wanted to China as
they only had to follow their own laws.
Foreign goods were now cheaper than Chinese goods were
China was carved up into spheres
of influence which is where one
nation claims there part
of China for their special
privileges.
•The Chinese Republic was set up in 1911 when
rid of the dynasty type of rule in China.
•The first ruler was Dr. Sun; “the Father of the
Revolution”
it got
Chinese
•For years Dr. Sun spread the idea that the Chinese people should have a
government “of the people, by the people, and for the people”
•In 1912, he set up the Kuomintang.
•Kuomintang – The movement founded by Sun Yat-Sen to make China a
modern democratic republic.
•It is now a part of the Republic of China, located on the island of Taiwan
•During the late 19th century and into the 20th century, China grew
very unstable.
•Poverty and starvation led to unrest among many of China’s
peasants.
•In 1912, a revolution replaced the emperor with a Chinese republic.
•China was divided from 1916 to 1926 when Chiang Kai-shek took
over and united most of China.
•His only nemesis was Mao Zedong and the Communist
•In 1931 Japan invaded Northern China
which was their industrial base.
•Though Japan took part of China, Kai-shek
and his nationalist forced the
Communist to retreat from eastern
China into western China which was
known as the long march.
•130,000 Communist started on the long
march of 5,000 miles and only
25,000 survived.
•In 1937 Japan attempted to take all of China
and during this time the nationalist
and the Communist fought with one
another.
•Tensions soon mounted between the Nationalist and
Communist.
•The Nationalist favored capitalism.
•They wanted to allow private ownership of businesses,
factories, and property.
•The Communist wanted a command economy with
land, property, and
businesses in the
hands of the state.
•The Communist argued
that only such
an economy would
ease the suffering
of China’s poor
rural population.
Civil War and the Success of the Communist Revolution
•In 1945 Japan lost World War 2 and left China
•The nationalist and communist tried to work together but in
1947 another civil war broke out.
•Although the Communist were weaker militarily, they won a
huge victory over the nationalist.
•Chiang Kai-shek and his nationalist were forced to flee to
Taiwan where they still rule today.
•In 1945 and Communist had one million in their army compared to 3
million in the nationalist military
•Plus, the nationalist received a ton of money from the US
•The Nationalist government failed to use its power well; it was corrupt
and more interested in becoming rich
•The Nationalist did not pay attention to what the people wanted.
•The communist lived for may years under very difficult conditions so
they became tough and fearless and ready to die for
what they believed in.
•The communist had good
generals and they
listed to the needs of the
common people.
• The communist under Mao Zedong came to power in
• Mao wanted to totally change Chinese civilization.
• He wanted totally equality among all people
social class)
• Mao became God-like in China with his posters
everywhere.
1949.
(no
•Once in power, Mao sought to modernize China.
•He wanted to build industries and strengthen the country after
decades of war.
•In 1958, he launched the Great Leap Forward.
•The Great Leap Forward was based on the communist ideal of
every citizen working together for the good of the community and
the state.
•It involved thousands of Chinese citizens living together in
communes.
•They shared land for farming, worked together in factories, and
tried to care for needs.
•Unfortunately, the Great Leap Forward was a huge failure.
•Floods, droughts, bad management, and corruption ruined China
and left millions dying of starvation.
•Eventually, the people returned to their small villages and town to
work on government-owned land or in state-owned factories.
•This started in 1966 and turned China upside down
•Thousands of people lost their lives during this time of chaos
and violence
•Due to the failed program of the Great Leap Forward, many
people, especially the intellectuals, became opposed to Mao
•So Mao decided to shake things up
and get rid of those who opposed him
•He organized a group of young
people 11 million strong into
the “Red Guard”
•Mao dispersed the Red Guard all over
the country where they violently
attacked people and things that
represented the old way
•Also singled out for attack were
writers, scholars, and scientist;
they were sent to the boonies to do hard labor.
•Schools and universities were closed for
several years.
•In 1968 Mao called an end to the Red Guard
by sending them to help out on the farms.
•Mao ended up with all his power back but
was a disaster for China’s economy, agriculture,
and education.
it
Mao died in 1976 and Deng Xiaoping took over as the leader
of China
Deng brought about major social and
economic changes to China
Deng introduced elements of capitalism
(private enterprise) and allowed
more personal freedoms
Political Changes
•Deng made sure Mao was no longer treated like a god.
•He got rid of the leaders who supported Mao
•He wanted to get more educated people in the government
Economic Policy
•All major industry was still run by the government but Deng
allowed individuals to own small shops
•He encouraged trade with the West for more technology
•Couples who agreed to have only one child got better housing, free
medical care, and pay increases.
•Those who did not comply were fined, had their salaries reduced, and
ever lost their jobs.
•Local officials in charge of population control sometimes forced women
to have abortions and undergo sterilization if they exceeded the one
child limit.
•The policy met with much resistance because it conflicted with the
Chinese tradition of having many children,
•Rural families argued that sons were needed to work the fields to
produce the food demanded by the government.
•The policy has had a serious effect on female children as there has
been a large increase in female infanticide (the killing of female infants)
and in the number of abortions of female fetuses.
1. On June 3, 1989, the government of China sent in heavily
armed troops and tanks into Tiananmen Square to clear away
the student demonstrators
2. The students were there protesting for more political
freedoms and democracy in the government.
3. The troops killed around 1,000 of the demonstrators
4. Though Deng allowed greater economic freedoms, there
were never any political freedoms
5. Most of the protesters were students that had been
educated in countries that were free so they wanted to bring
that freedom to China
•In the spring of 1989 student
began to congregate at
Tiananmen Square in Beijing
which is the largest square
in China
•The students wanted greater
freedom, and end to corruption
•The government saw the protesters as a threat to their rule
and threaten to strike at them but the students refused to go
•The whole world watched all this on the news.
The British got Hong Kong in 1842 from the Chinese after the
Treaty of Nanking ended the Opium wars.
the British kept Hong Kong until 1997
Under the British Hong Kong became the third most important
financial center in the world after New York and London.
It’s manufacturing out produced all of mainland China.
After China took over Hong Kong, they left it a capitalist city because
of all the money it brought to China.
In 2002, China became a member of the World Trade Organization
World Trade Organization – An international organization promoting
trade among nations. It helps its members complete business
transactions. It also acts as a neutral judge to solve disputes.
•To protect Japan from outside influences, the Tokugawa
introduced a policy of national isolation.
•In 1639, the Tokugawa closed Japan to all foreigners except
the Dutch and the Chinese who were permitted to trade at
Nagasaki
•At the same time, laws were issued that prohibited any
Japanese from going to a foreign country for any reason
•The penalty for violating this order was death.
•Japanese who were not in the country were not permitted to
return to Japan.
•New ideas were considered a threat to the established
order.
•Lack of contact with the West at this time cost the Japanese
200 years of knowledge which would have aided
Japanese development.
•As Japan no longer traded with other countries it lost a lot
of money
•Japanese society was frozen onto four classes: samurai,
peasant, artisan, and merchant.
•To rule a land at peace, the Tok’s needed educated
administrators rather than solders.
•As a result, the writing brush began to replace the sword
as the main weapon of the samurai.
•They changed from a highly trained fighting force into a citydwelling class of well-educated bureaucrats and
government workers.
•Warfare became a matter of theory with little or no
practice.
•Schools were set up to teach military arts, however, gunnery
and the use of firearms were usually ignored in favor of the
feudal military disciplines of swordsmanship and archery
•The use of the sword and the bow were favored for their
character building qualities as much as their military value.
•From this grew the emphasis on other character building
martial arts such as judo and karate.
Around the year 1800 European influence in Asia and the
Pacific increased a great deal.
By the mid- 1800’s much of Asia had come under control
of European nations.
If US ships were wreaked and sailors were captured in
Japan, they were often jailed and beat up which ticked
off the US
4. So the US wanted
to “Open Up
Japan”
In 1852, the US government sent a naval expedition to Japan
under the command of Commodore Matthew Perry; Perry
believed that
a. the US should expand through the Pacific Ocean due to
Manifest Destiny (God said that the US should spread its
influence over the world)
b. the desire to have shipwrecked sailors and all
Americans treated fairly and well
c. the US wish to expand
trade for economic gain and
increased political power
d. desire by the US to
set up a coaling
station for its ships
•The arrival of the US ships in Tokyo in 1853 frightened the
Japanese who had never seen steamships before; many
panicked and moved out of Tokyo
•The Emperor and the Tokugawas wished to maintain a
policy of separation but they realized that Japan was
helpless against modern military strength of the US
and that it was not possible to maintain Japanese
isolation.
•The next year Japan gave in to
he US demands
•Soon Japan had to open-up to
the rest of the world and
the Tok’s looked very weak.
t
•Japan suffered from low tax collections so the samurai
could not be paid so it ended their role in Japan
•People became very unhappy with everything in Japan and
demanded change.
•In 1868 the Emperor abolished the
of the Tok’s
•So started the Meiji restoration
•Meiji means “enlightened rule
shogunate
1. Since Japan was very small for its population, Japan needed
more room and China was their main target.
2. China had all the raw materials that Japan needed.
3. In 1932 Japan took Manchuria in northern China
4. Japan left the League of Nations in 1933
5. League of Nations – A predecessor of the United Nations,
aimed at securing international security. It was created
after World War I in an effort to hold countries
accountable and maintain peace, but the US never
joined.
In 1937 Japan went to war with China in an
effort to assert its dominance in Asia
Its soldiers committed atrocities on the Chinese.
Atrocities – now punished as war crimes,
war atrocities include various kinds
of torture.
Japan also wanted SE Asia for more raw
materials like oil and rubber
The military's influence kept growing until General Hideki Tojo ruled the
country in 1941.
Japan’s military glorified war.
Only the US stood in the way of Japan’s expansion
The US cut exports to Japan and declared an embargo.
Embargo – a decision by one country to eliminate all exports to and
imports with another country
•
On Dec. 7th, 1941, the Japanese
launched a surprise attack on
the US bases in the Pacific at
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
•
The Japanese also struck at the
Europeans in SE Asia
•
The Japanese invaded many
areas at first, but after the US
recovered, they were in for a
long war, which they could not
handle.
•
4. In 1945, Japan armies were
defeated in the Pacific and its
home islands blockaded and
under attack, Japan prepared for
an all out invasion by US forces
Despite great loses in men and
equipment, Japan
continued to fight savagely.
US fighter pilots also fought on
the side of the Chinese of
which they called
themselves the “Fighting
Tigers.”
The US flew supplies over the
Himalayas to help the
Nationalist Chinese fight
against Japan
One by one, the US began recapturing islands from the Japanese
The US became convinced that only a direct invasion of Japan would
lead to an end to the war.
The US estimated that it would lose 1 million men in the invasion
•In 1942, the US government launched a project to produce the first
atomic bomb.
•Physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer guided the design and building of the
bomb.
•Manhattan Project scientists tested the
first bomb on July 16, 1945, near
Alamogordo, New Mexico.
•. however, the US had just tested an
atomic bomb and on Aug. 6 and 9,
the first atomic bombs were
dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
•On Aug 15 Japan surrendered.
•Emperor Hirohito claimed that he was not
divine.
•The Allies, under the command of
US General Douglas
MacArthur, oversaw Japan
and the drafting of a new
constitution after WWII.
•The new constitution established a democratic government,
reduced the size of Japan’s military to a defensive force, and
allowed for a modified version of the emperor.
•It also guaranteed certain human rights and extended women the
right to vote.
•In 1951, Japan became independent again.
•However, it kept a close relationship with the US.
•The US poured lots of money into rebuilding Japan and helped it
grow economically.
•Today, Japan is one of the wealthiest and economically strongest
nations in the world.
•The Allies liberated Korea from the Japanese during WW II.
•Since both the Soviet Union and the US played a role in its
liberation, the country was divided along the 38th parallel (line of
latitude running through Korea).
•North Korea allied with the Soviet Union as a communist state.
•South Korea became a pro-US, capitalist society.
•In 1950, the Korean War began
when North Korean troops
crossed the 38th parallel
and invaded South Korea.
•The United Nations sent troops to
help South Korea.
•General Douglas Mac Arthur
commanded the UN troops
•MacArthur’s forces
successfully pushed the North
Koreans all the way back to the
northernmost parts of Korea.
•Things changed again,
however, when Chinese troops
crossed the border to help
North Korea.
•A stalemate soon developed,
in which neither side could gain
an advantage.
•Both sides signed a cease-fire
in 1953 that left the country
divided at almost the exact
same point as it had been
before the war.
•Today, tensions remain high between North and South
Korea.
•Capitalism and democracy have allowed South Korea
to thrive as a wealthy, modernized society.
•Meanwhile, North Korea is one of the poorest nations in
the world.
•Its strict communist regime pours most of the nations
resources into its military rather than on efforts to
modernize and benefit the population.
•For 40 years, North Korea relied on its two giant neighbors,
the Soviet Union and China, for political, economic, and
military assistance.
•in 1991, the Soviet Union broke up and the new country
Russia broke off ties with the North
•China ticked off the North as they became more friendlier to
the South
•North Korea has lived in isolation since its independence.
•TVs and radios are built so they only receive North Korean
stations and not South Korean stations.
•The government was afraid that the people might learn new
ideas
•Only the government has computers
•North Korea was ruled by a dictator, Kim Il Sung
until his death; now his son, Kim Jong Ill rules
•the North has had several droughts and many
people have died of starvation
•North Korea is believed to have several nuclear
missiles able to reach the South and Japan.
Portugal
•need for spices drove Europeans here; was used as a
preservative, taste better; SE is major area for spices
•Vasco de Gama was the first one for Port. 1500
•shipping goods much cheaper than land (controlled my
Muslims)
•to make more money Port. capture many ports from
Muslims
•tried to spread Christianity
•Ferdinand Magellan
sailed around
the world to
Philippians which
Spain soon
controlled
•Port. was so bad that many in SE welcomed other Euros
•Euros did not like any other Euro messing with them as they got into
many fights and held exclusive right to trade with ports in SE
•GB had Myanmar, Malaysia, Borneo
•Dutch had Indonesia
•French had Indochina; Vietnam,
Laos, Cambodia
•US took Philip from Spain in 1898;
Thai was left alone
Reasons for European Interest
-first for spices then for other raw materials
Europeans Brought Progress
-did bring peace to warring tribes and new cultural diffusion
-development of a single major city
-establishment of schools
-encouraged farmers to grow cash crops
-modern hospitals, better health
Western Rule Caused Hatred
-most Euros were here to make money;
only use SE for raw material
-no factories as Euros had those, Europeans
had important jobs
Japanese Occupation
Japanese wanted SE raw materials
took most of SE in 1942
Japanese claimed to want to free SE from Europeans “Asia to the
Asians” but they really wanted to exploit them.
Japanese treated SE more harshly than Euros
US and Brits gave arms to guerrillas to fight the Japanese
overall the Japanese occupation helped SE independence movements as
it got the Europeans out, Japanese used propaganda to tarnish Euros.
Japanese gave independence to many countries, Japanese trained many
SE’s for war which latter helped with independence movements.
•after Jap defeat all of SE declared independence
•Philippians and Burma got there's but the French and Dutch
tried to hold there's which caused years of fighting
•After Japan’s defeat, France tried to reassert its
control over Indo-China (Vietnam,
Cambodia, & Laos).
•In Vietnam, a nationalist movement under the
leadership of Ho Chi Minh arose to resist
the French.
•Ho Chi Minh’s success concerned the US because
they viewed him as a communist.
•In 1954, the Vietnamese and Western powers
reached a compromise.
•They divided Vietnam into two nations.
•North Vietnam fell under the communist rule of Ho Chi
Minh, while the US-backed government ruled
South Vietnam.
•Before long, war broke out
between North and South
Vietnam.
•The US sent military advisors
and eventually troops to
help the South Vietnamese resist communist
forces.
•The US feared that communist would spread throughout
all of Eastern Asia if South Vietnam fell (the Domino
Theory).
•in 1964 US ships were supposedly attacked by the North
in
the Gulf of Ton kin (this has never been proven) in
1964
•US did not declare war on Vietnam
through it sent military advisers in
1965
•Upon arrival, the US found itself
fighting not only North Vietnam’s
invading army, but also South
Vietnamese communist known
as the Viet Cong.
•The Viet Cong consisted largely of poor rural farmers
who felt they would fair much better under communism.
•Although not nearly as modern or well supplied as the
US forces, the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese
launched an effective guerilla war.
•In guerilla warfare, a weaker enemy attacks quickly and
unexpectedly, then slips away before its enemy can fully
retaliate.
•It hopes to inflict enough damage that its stronger enemy will lose
its will to fight.
•As years passed and more and more US soldiers died in
Vietnam, guerilla warfare eventually succeeded.
•In 1973, the US formally ended its military involvement in
Vietnam.
•It signed an agreement known as the Paris Peace Accords.
•Under this treaty, the US pulled out its remaining troops,
and South and North Vietnam agreed to exist peacefully
alongside one another.
•Soon after the US troops left, however, the communist
began their fight again.
•In April 1975, the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon
fell.
•After decades of struggle, the Communist finally had all
of Vietnam in their grasp.
•since Cambodia is next to Vietnam it got involved in the war;
both north and US used it as target practice
•after the war and with Cambodia in chaos, Pol Pot took over
as a communist
•he started the Killing Fields as everyone was force to move to
the countryside as all cities were emptied.
•all opposition was killed.
•after 4 years, 2 million out of 6 had been killed