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The War for Independence Chapter 4 Coach Bowling Section 1 The Stirrings of Rebellion 4.1 Objectives ► Summarize taxation Colonial resistance to British ► Trace the mounting tension in Massachusetts ► Summarize Concord the battles of Lexington and 4.1 Main Idea ► Conflict Between Great Britain and the American colonies grew over issues of taxation, representation, and liberty. Where we left off… ► Treaty of Paris – ended the French & Indian War, gave all land East of the Miss. River to Britain ► Proclamation of 1763 – “No settlers can move west of the Appalachian Mountains” ► Britain ► War could not enforce this debts had to be paid Cont. ► George Grenville instituted the Sugar Act ► Sugar Act – “Smugglers were prosecuted by British government rather than colonial government” (more harsh) ► Colonies and Britain began to disagree over how the colonies should be taxed and governed The Stamp Act ► George Grenville persuaded Parliament to use this as a means to pay off war debt ► 1765 - Colonists must purchase stamped paper for all legal documents ► Failure to do so would result in prosecution of British court, not Colonial Colonial Reaction ► Colonists ► Sons protested the Stamp Act of Liberty were formed ►A secret resistance group composed of shopkeepers, artisans, and laborers ► Samuel Adams was one of the founders (failed business ventures had left him broke) Cont. ► Sons of Liberty harassed “Stamp Agents” across colonies ► Prevented ► Led stamps from being sold colonial legislatures to pass laws stating colonies could only be taxed by them Cont. ► An example of this was the Virginia House ► Patrick Henry (Sons of Liberty) proposed this and would now become a famous face of independence The Stamp Act Congress ► Delegates ► Issued from 9 colonies met in NYC a statement known as Declaration of Rights and Grievances ► Stated, “Parliament cannot impose taxes on the colonies b/c they were not represented in Parliament” ► Famous line - Taxation without Representation Cont. ► Merchants in large cities decided to not import British goods until Act was repealed ► Boycott was successful and act was repealed The Declaratory Act ► Parliament passed this on the same day Stamp Act was repealed ► The law stated, “Colonies and people of America would be bound by laws of Parliament” The Townshend Acts ►1 year after the Declaratory Act, Charles Townshend devised a new way to get money from colonies ► Townshend was a minister within British Government Cont. levied a series of indirect taxes on imported materials from Britain ► He ► Materials paper ► The included glass, lead, paint, & acts also imposed a 3-cent tax on tea (most popular drink in colonies) Colonial Response ► Colonists ► Women ► Women called for numerous boycotts began to make their own clothing also boycotted British tea and made their own The Liberty Incident ► June 1768 – British forces seized a merchant ship called Liberty ► Ship was owned by John Hancock ► British customs accused Hancock of smuggling wine and not paying taxes Cont. ► Liberty ► Riots was confiscated occurred against customs agents ► Britain sent 2,000+ troops to Boston ► Known as “Redcoats” The Boston Massacre ► Soldiers were poorly paid, often attempted to get extra work ► Colonists ► March vied for the same jobs 5, 1770 – Dissent leads to Violence Cont. ► Fistfight occurred between off-duty soldiers and colonists ► Colonists gathered outside a Customs office to protest the violence ► Sons of Liberty urged colonists to do so Cont. ►A group of Dockhands, including Crispus Attucks, appeared at the protest ► Violence ► Crispus erupted, 5 people wound up dead Attucks was considered first death in fight for Independence Cont. ► Sons of Liberty quickly spread propaganda calling the event “The Boston Massacre” ► According to Samuel Adams, “Innocent colonists were fired upon by the British” ► In truth, the Colonists agitated and instigated the British soldiers Result ► Tension reached a boiling point ► However, it would gradually die down over the course of the next two years The Rhode Island Incident ► British Customs patrol ship wrecked near Providence ► Supposedly, colonists attacked, robbed, and burned the ship ► King George III set out a special commission to find the “criminals” Cont. ► Colonists became upset that King was going to transport criminals to Britain for trial ► Event led to the establishment of the “Committees of Correspondence” ►A communication network between colonies The Boston Tea Party ► 1773 – Due to colonial boycotts, tea industry was struggling ► The British East India Company (Britain’s largest tea manufacturer) was nearing bankruptcy Frederick North introduced the Tea Act to bail the company out ► Lord Cont. ► The Act allowed the company to sell tea to the colonies directly (wholesale) ► Merchants ► Dec. were cut out and lost money 18, 1773 – Boston rebels disguised as natives took action against 3 British ships in the Boston Harbor Cont. ► Result – the rebels dumped over 18,000 lbs. of British tea into the Boston Harbor The Intolerable Acts ► The Boston Tea Party infuriated King George ► Saw actions as an attack on British property III ► Urged Parliament to pass what colonists would call the Intolerable Acts in 1774 Cont. ► 1.) Boston Harbor was shut down b/c colonists refused to pay for tea ► 2.) The Quartering Act – British soldiers were placed in private homes ► 3.) Thomas Gage, governor of MA, declared martial law (rule imposed by the military) Colonial Reaction ► Committees of Correspondence assembled the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia in 1774 ► 56 delegates met and drew up a declaration of rights ► If British used force, colonies should fight back Cont. ► Sent demands to the King and wanted a response by may 1775 ► In preparation for the worst, the FCC stockpiled gun powder and set up a militia known as the Minutemen Lexington & Concord ► Thomas Gage learned of colonial activities ► Due to a cold spring in 1775, British army was placed on strict rations ► He became worried of events transpiring in the colonies Cont. ► Gage sent troops to Concord (MA) to scout the stockpiles ► Scouts reported what Gage had feared, the Minutemen were armed ► Told Gage where the weapons were Cont. ► Agents also told Gage that Hancock and Adams were staying in Lexington (MA) ► Gage ordered his troops to march toward Concord when the snow melted ► Minutemen witnessed the British movement “The Redcoats are Coming” ► Hancock & Adams were in hiding; a warrant for their arrest had been issued ► Joseph Warren was placed in charge ► Warren was informed of Gage’s plans and reacted Cont. sent Paul Revere to warn Adams & Hancock about the British and their plan ► He ► Revere (Sons of Liberty) organized a network of informants to pass along the word Cont. ► April 18, 1775 – Revere and 2 others rode about telling of the 700 British soldiers approaching Concord ► Church bells were rang as a warning sign Cont. ► Revere told Adams & Hancock then continued his ride ► He was eventually detained, questioned, and then released ► British expected resistance due to warning A Glorious Day for America ► April 19, 1775 – British reached Lexington ► They found roughly 70 minutemen upon their arrival ► British commanders ordered them to disperse Battle of Lexington ► Minutemen ► Gun followed orders was fired by someone ► British fired into the crowd & killed 8 ► Lasted roughly 15 minutes Battle of Concord ► British ► They marched on to Concord found an empty arsenal there ► Began to march back and were attacked by 4,000 minutemen ► British fled to Boston Adams & Hancock ► Fled the scene due to their status ► Adams explained, “This is a glorious day for America!” ► The Revolutionary War had Begun Section II Ideas Help Start a Revolution 4.2 Objectives ► Examine efforts made to avoid bloodshed as the colonies hovered between war and peace ► Summarize the philosophical and political ideas of the Declaration of Independence ► Contrast the attitudes of Loyalists & Patriots 4.2 Main Idea ► Tensions increased throughout the colonies until the Continental Congress declared independence on July 4, 1776 The Second Continental Congress ► May, 1775 – Delegates met in Philadelphia to debate issues including what path to take against Britain ► John Adams (MA) suggested each colony develop its own government Cont. ► He also suggested that the Minutemen develop into a “Continental Army” ► Congress finally agreed to acknowledge Adams request and eventually appointed George Washington as commander Cont. ► Congress authorized printing of money to pay the troops ► Organized a foreign diplomacy committee The Battle of Bunker Hill ► Thomas Gage decided to strike against Minutemen at Breed’s Hill (next to Bunker Hill) ► June, 1775 – Gage sent 2,400 troops up the hill to attack the colonists Cont. ► The heat and humidity were harsh ► British were dresses in red, wool uniforms and carried heavy supply packs ► Made easy targets for Militia Cont. ► The hill British made 3 total advances on the ► The first 2 were unsuccessful, third succeeded due to Minutemen’s low supply of ammunition ► British lost roughly 1,000 men compared to 450 for colonists in misnamed battle The Olive Branch Petition ► The colonies still sought peace from Britain ► Colonists felt loyalty towards King George III, but despised his ministers ► 2nd Continental Congress sent Olive Branch Petition to the King in July. It appealed for a return to peace in the colonies Cont. ► King ► He George III rejected the petition also ordered a naval blockade of the American Colonies Common Sense ► Written by Thomas Paine ► Explained the colonists should declare independence b/c it was the destiny of America ► America would be able to trade w/ other nations and make their own profit Cont. ► More importantly, America could create a better society which was free from tyranny and would have social and economic opportunities for all ► Pamphlet colonies sold over 500,000 copies in the Declaring Independence ► Summer, 1776 – No. Carolina declared independence, VA wanted to do the same ► Richard Henry, a VA delegate to the 2nd Continental Congress, stated, “these United Colonies are, and of a right ought to be, free and independent states.” Cont. ► The Congress put a committee together to prepare a formal declaration to send to the King ► Thomas Jefferson, a VA lawyer, was chosen to express the committee’s point of view The Declaration of Independence ► Written by Thomas Jefferson ► Drew off the concepts of John Locke, a British Philosopher ► State that people deserve the rights to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” Cont. ► Also suggested that government should draw its power from those it serves (people) ► People should be able to abolish a government it does not see “fit” ► “All men are created equal” Cont. ► Jefferson addressed the cruelty of the slave trade in his first draft ► GA and SC objected to it so he removed it ► Unanimously decided the colonies were free on July 2, 1776 Cont. ► Did not adopt the Declaration of Independence until July 4, 1776 ► Document was read publicly in front of the Philadelphia State House (Independence Hall) Cont. ► Patriots (supporters of independence) rallied behind the document ► “We mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.” Loyalists & Patriots ► Loyalists – opposed Independence and chose to remain loyal to the crown ► Mostly ► Rural those appointed by the King areas remained loyal as well due to them being located away from the cities Cont. ► Some remained loyal because they did not feel that colonists could win the war and new consequences would be harsh ► Some thought crown would protect their rights better than a new government Cont. ► Those who joined the Patriots side saw more personal benefit in a nation not under direct rule of a King ► Patriots made up almost half of the population ► Several others remained neutral Others ► Quakers supported Patriots, but did not fight due to their religious beliefs ► African-Americans ► Natives split sides supported the British 2 wars in 1 ► Colonists were in a war for independence as well as a civil war due to opposing sides within the colonies ► The result = Patriots had all odds against them; they were declaring war in the “mightiest empire” in the western world Section DOI Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence ► Divided into 4 parts: ► Preamble ► Political ► List – reason for document Principles – Rights of the People of Unfair Acts – by the King ► Actual Declaration of Independence Cont. ► John Hancock – President of Continental Congress ► 56 signatures from 13 colonies Section 3 Struggling Toward Saratoga 4.3 Objectives ► Trace the progress of war through the turning point at Saratoga and winter at Valley Forge ► Examine the Colonial Economy and civilian life during the Revolution 4.3 Main Idea ► After a series of setbacks, American forces won at Saratoga and survived. The British Plan ► Left Boston in Spring of 1776 (Before DOI) ► Isolate ► Seize New England New York City New York City – Summer 1776 ► William Howe (General) and Richard Howe (Admiral) ► Joined forces in Staten Island & sailed into NY harbor ► 32,000 soldiers – largest group ever assembled at once by Britain Cont. ► Some troops were German mercenaries (fought for money) ► Known as Hessians due to the region they were from in Germany Colonial Response ► Washington rallied 23,000 troops, but was outnumbered ► Troops were inexperienced ► Americans in August eventually lost and had to retreat Colonial Retreat ► Colonists were forced across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania ► By this time, only 8,000 men remained w/ the Continental Army ► Their terms for enlistment were up Dec. 31, 1776 ► Bottom Line = A colonial victory was necessary Battle of Trenton ► Christmas Night, 1776 ► Washington led 2,400 troops across a frozen Delaware River ► By the morning of the 26th, Washington’s men had marched roughly 9 miles through sleet & snow Cont. ► Result = Continental Army killed 30 and took 918 hostage ► Most of the enemy were recovering from a late night drinking party and were caught unaware by the surprise attack (Hessians) The Battle of Princeton ► Occurred 8 days after Trenton ► Continental Army took over a British camp w/ 1,200 men ► Back-to-Back victories for Washington The Fight for Philadelphia ► British attempted to seize the Capital (Philadelphia) in spring of 1777 ► Continental Congress fled the capital ► Washington was unable to keep British out of Capital ► Several loyalists in Philly The Battle of Saratoga ► General John Burgoyne’s Plan – 1. come from Canada to Albany, 2. Meet up w/ Howe, 3. Take NYC, 4. Cut off New England ► He set out w/ numerous troops, cannons, and personal items (champagne, clothing, etc.) Cont. ► Swamps around Lake Champlain bogged Burgoyne down ► Slowed Army ► Enter the entire process down for British Horatio Gates – Continental General Cont. ► Gates gathered troops and militia from all over New England ► Green Mountain Boys were included in this ► Burgoyne thought Howe was coming to assist ► Result = Surrounded at Saratoga and surrendered Fall 1776; Britain’s war strategy changed ► Stay by the Coast w/ supplies French Assistance ► France was still upset about French and Indian War ► Had time ► Due sent weapons to colonists the entire to victory at Saratoga, France decided to enter the conflict Cont. ► They recognized American independence ► Signed ► France alliance in Feb. 1778 would not make peace unless Britain recognized independence Valley Forge, PA ► Waiting on French Supplies, Washington held the army at Valley Forge ► Winter conditions were harsh ► Over 2,000 men died due to sickness, hunger, and weather ► Maintained their position Financing the War ► Congress ran out of gold and silver to back their currency ► They began to sell bonds to American investors ► Printed more money which caused inflation (Rising Prices) Cont. ► Congress struggled to equip the army ► Some government officials engaged in profiteering (selling scarce goods for profit) ► Robert Morris & Haym Salomon – borrowed on personal credit to help pay for supplies Cont. ► Raised money from Quakers and Jews ► Troops were finally paid ► Boosted their confidence and more importantly, attracted more soldiers Civilians at War ► Women sewed uniforms, managed farms, and made ammunition from household items like silverware ► Some women even volunteered on the battlefield Section 4 Winning the War 4.4 Objectives ► Describe ► Trace the war contributions of European allies the Revolution in the Southern Colonies ► Summarize ► Recognize Revolution the British surrender at Yorktown the symbolic value of the American 4.4 Main Idea ► Strategic victories in the South and at Yorktown enabled the Americans to defeat the British Valley Forge, PA ► February ► 1/5 1778 – Harsh winter conditions of troops died (2,000) ► Friedrich von Steuben – Prussian (German) military officer who taught continental army how to be “soldiers” Cont. ► Marquis de Lafayette – 20 yr. old French aristocrat ► Asked the French to help the cause ► Assisted Washington at Valley Forge, commanded a division in Virginia The British Move South ► After Saratoga, the British changed their strategy ► They shifted their focus to the Southern Colonies ► They want to gain loyalist support, reclaim southern colonies, and re-advance on the north Cont. ► Britain took Savannah, GA in 1779 ► This led to Charles Cornwallis & Henry Clinton to sail South ► They captured Charlestown, SC and took close to 6,000 troops prisoner Cont. ► Greatest victory in the war for the British ► Clinton left for New York, Cornwallis stayed behind to re-conquer NC and SC ► Cornwallis was successful in part due to slaves joining the British cause The Battle of Camden ► Camden, SC – August 1780 ► Cornwallis defeated Gates ► Occurred in part due to Gates “overconfidence” ► “The Patriot” Cont. ► British immediately marched into NC, but Patriot militia cut their supply lines ► Cornwallis retreated back to SC ► Washington ordered Nathaniel Greene to have his army harass the British and keep them occupied Cont. ► Greene split his troops into 2 armies ► Cornwallis did the same; sent Lt. Banastre Tarleton to chase down Daniel Morgan (Continental) ► Led to a chase through SC and Battle of Cowpens in 1781 ►A Continental Victory Cont. ► Cornwallis was angered by the defeat and attacked Nathaniel Greene 2 months later in NC ► Cornwallis was victorious; HOWEVER, his army suffered heavy losses ► This led to Cornwallis deciding to flee to VA and fight Cont. ► Cornwallis gained reinforcements in VA ► Unsuccessful attempt in capturing armies led by Lafayette and von Steuben ► After debacle, he led 7,500 troops onto a peninsula between the James & York Rivers (Yorktown) Cont. ► Cornwallis wanted to establish a fort in Yorktown ► Afterwards, he planned on capturing Virginia ► He then hoped to move to NY and meet up w/ Clinton’s forces ► The victory would belong to the British if this occurred The British Surrender at Yorktown ► 6,000 French troops had landed in RI when the British left for the South ► The were operating a fleet of ships from there ► Lafayette suggested to Washington that they combine their armies, meet up with the French Navy, and attack Yorktown The Battle of Yorktown ► French Navy fleet defeated British Navy fleet and blocked entrance to the Chesapeake Bay ► British could not rescue their troops by sea ► Meanwhile, 17,000 Colonial & French Troops attacked British fort at Yorktown day and night Cont. ► Siege lasted almost 3 weeks ► Cornwallis ► Cornwallis surrendered on Oct. 17, 1781 surrendered his sword to Washington “PEACE” ► In 1782, Peace talks between Britain, France, U.S., and Spain occurred in Paris ► Britain did not want America to gain full independence ► France ► Spain supported American Independence wanted land between Appalachian Mountains and MS River Cont. ► Negotiators for the U.S. – Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and John Adams ► They demanded American Independence before any talks began ► September signed 1783 – Treaty of Paris was Treaty of Paris ► Recognized Britain American Independence from ► Boundaries – Atlantic Ocean to MS River; Canadian Border to Florida ► Treaty did have some problems Problems w/ Treaty ► Native American interests were not considered ► British did not specify when they would leave their forts ► Loyalists losses ► British were allowed to sue in state courts for debt collectors were supposedly allowed to collect debts from war A Symbol of Liberty ►A rise in Egalitarianism – belief that all people are equal ► Sadly, It only applied to white males ► Several Southerners did free slaves (ex. George Washington) Cont. ► Maryland and Virginia’s free AfricanAmerican population increased to near 20k from 4k ► Native ► Native Americans were displaced due to war Population east of the Miss. River declined by 50% The New Challenge ► Americans wanted a fresh start ►A government of the people, by the people, and for the people was desired ► Motto: “A new order for the ages” Questions to be Answered!!! ► Who should participate in government ► How should government answer to the people? ► Who should have a voice? Essay Question ► What events brought the Colonies from supporting the British during the French & Indian War to Declaring their Independence from Britain in 1776. ► Describe the Revolutionary War from the Beginning to the End. (Cite Specific Battles, People, & Strategies)