Download The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution
Preview Questions
• What technological changes led to the
development of industrialization? 
• What was the social impact of the Industrial
Revolution in Europe, especially on women
and children?
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The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain
• The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain
in the 1780s for several reasons.
1. Improved farming methods increased the food supply,
so food prices decreased & gave families more
money for manufactured goods.
2. more food supply supported a growing population.
3. Britain had a ready supply of capital (money to
invest) for industrial machines and factories.
•
Entrepreneurs were looking for ways to invest
and make profits.
4. Britain had abundant natural resources and a supply
of markets, in part because of its colonial empire.
(pages 363–365)
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The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain (cont.)
• 18th cent. Great Britain surged ahead in the
production of cotton goods.
• The two-step process of spinning and weaving had
been done by individuals in their homes, a production
method called cottage industry.
• A series of inventions–the flying shuttle, the spinning
jenny, and the water-powered loom invented by
Edmund Cartwright in 1787–made both weaving and
spinning faster.
• It was now efficient to bring workers to the new
machines in factories.
• Cottage industry no longer was efficient.
(pages 363–365)
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The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain (cont.)
• 1782 - Scottish engineer James Watt improved
the steam engine in so it could drive machinery.
• Steam power was used to spin and weave
cotton.
• Steam-powered cotton mills proliferated
throughout Britain.
•
The steam engines used coal.
•
Mills no longer had to be located near
water.
• By 1840 cotton cloth was Britain’s most valuable
product.
(pages 363–365)
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The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain (cont.)
• The steam engine’s reliance on coal led to an
increase in the coal industry.
• The coal supply seemed unlimited.
• Coal also transformed the iron industry.
• Using the process developed by Henry Cort
called puddling, industry produced a better
quality of iron.
•
In 1740 Britain produced 17,000 tons of iron.
•
By 1852 Britain was producing almost 3
million tons of iron annually.
(pages 363–365)
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The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain (cont.)
• Railroads were crucial to the Industrial Revolution.
• The first railroads were slow, but they developed
rapidly.
• 1830 - The Rocket was used on the first public
railway line
•
The Rocket pulled a 40-ton train at 16 mph.
• By 1850, trains were going 50 mph, & Great
Britain had more than 6,000 miles of track.
• The less expensive transportation lowered the
price of goods and made for larger markets.
• Lower cost meant higher demand & the market
continued to grow
(pages 363–365)
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The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain (cont.)
• The factory was another important aspect of the
IR, because it created a new kind of labor system.
• To keep the machines going constantly, workers
had to work in shifts.
• Factory owners trained the rural laborers to work
the same hours each day and to do repetitive
work.
• Many of the new factory workers were women
and girls, who made up a substantial majority of
the workers in textile factories.
• Factory owners sometimes had whole families
work for them.
(pages 363–365)
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The Spread of Industrialization
• Britain became the world’s greatest industrial
nation.
•
It produced 50% of the world’s cotton goods
and coal.
• The IR spread to other parts of the world at
different speeds.
• Belgium, France, and Germany were the first to
industrialize.
• Eventually, The Industrial Revolution hit the
United States.
•
1800 - 6 out of 7 American workers were
farmers.
•
1860 - it was only 1 out of every 2.
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(page 366)
The Spread of Industrialization (cont.)
• Over this period, the population grew from about
5 to 30 million people, and a number of large
cities developed.
• The United States needed a transportation
system & miles of roads and canals were built.
•
Robert Fulton built the first paddle-wheel
steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807.
• The railroad was the most important
transportation development.
•
1830 - America had fewer than 100 miles
of track.
•
1860 - it had about 30,000 miles of track.
• The railroad turned the United States into a
massive market.
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(page 366)
The Spread of Industrialization (cont.)
Imagine you are a nineteenth-century
rural settler in the Ohio Valley, and you
see a steamboat for the first time. What
is your reaction?
(page 366)
Social Impact in Europe
• 1750 – 1850: Europe’s population nearly doubled
to 266 million.
• chief reason was a decline in death from disease.
• The increased food supply fed the people better,
& famine largely disappeared from western
Europe.
• The Irish potato famine in the 1840s was an
exception, with almost one million people dying.
(pages 367–370)
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Social Impact in Europe (cont.)
• Cities were the home to many industries.
• People moved in from the country to find work,
taking the new railroads.
• London’s population increased from about
1 million in 1800 to about 2,500,000 in 1850.
• Many inhabitants of these rapidly growing
cities lived in miserable conditions.
•
workers faced horrible working conditions
with hours ranging from 12 to 16 hours a
day, six days a week.
•
No one had security on the job, and there
was no minimum wage.
(pages 367–370)
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Social Impact in Europe (cont.)
• In Britain, women and children made up 2/3 of
the cotton industry’s workforce.
• The Factory Act of 1833 set 9 as the minimum
age to work.
• Children 9-13 could work only 9 hrs/day; those
between ages 13-18 could work only 12 hours.
• Women were paid half or less than the men.
• Excessive working hours for women were
outlawed in 1844.
•
men were now expected to support the
family
•
women were to take care of the home &
perform low-paying jobs in the home
(pages 367–370)
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Social Impact in Europe (cont.)
• The pitiful conditions for workers in the IR led to a
movement called socialism.
• Under socialism, society, usually government,
owns and controls some means of production–
such as factories and utilities.
•
A famous utopian socialist was Robert
Owen, a British cotton manufacturer.
•
He believed people would show their
natural goodness if they lived in a
cooperative environment.
• Later socialists like Karl Marx thought these
ideas were not practical and called those who
believed them utopian socialists.
(pages 367–370)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
B 1. a method of production in which
tasks are done by individuals in
their rural homes
A. capital
__
C 2. process in which coke derived
from coal is used to burn away
impurities in crude iron to
produce high quality iron
C. puddling
B. cottage
industry
D. industrial
capitalism
E. socialism
__
E 3. a system in which society,
usually in the form of the government,
owns and controls the means of production
__
A 4. money available for investment
__
D 5. an economic system based on industrial
production or manufacturing
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National Unification and the
National State
Preview Questions
• What were the roles of Camillo di Cavour and
Otto von Bismarck in the unification of their
countries? 
• What caused the American Civil War?
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Breakdown of the Concert of
Europe
• The revolutions of 1848 did not unify Germany &
Italy.
• By 1871 both Germany and Italy were unified,
a change caused by the Crimean War.
• The Crimean War was rooted in a conflict
between Russia & the Ottoman Empire, which
controlled much of the Balkans in southeastern
Europe.
• The power of the Ottoman Empire declined in the
nineteenth century.
(pages 378–379)
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Breakdown of the Concert of
Europe (cont.)
• Russia wanted to expand into the Balkans to gain
access to the Mediterranean Sea, giving it the
naval might to be the great power in eastern
Europe.
• 1853 - Russia invaded the Balkan & the
Ottomans declared war on Russia.
• Great Britain & France allied with the Ottomans,
fearing Russian ambition.
• The war was poorly planned & poorly fought.
• Treaty of Paris of 1856 - Russia agreed to have
Moldavia and Walachia placed under the
protection of all the great powers.
(pages 378–379)
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Breakdown of the Concert of
Europe (cont.)
• The Crimean War destroyed the Concert of
Europe.
• Austria & Russia had been the 2 powers
maintaining order, but now they were
enemies because Austria had not
supported Russia in the Crimean War.
• Russia withdrew from European affairs
for the next 20 years.
• Austria had no allies among the great
powers, & Germany and Italy now could
unify.
(pages 378–379)
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Breakdown of the Concert of
Europe (cont.)
What contemporary alliances and
organizations try to keep stability in the
world?
Possible answers: The United Nations
(UN), the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), and the
Organization of American States (OAS)
try to keep stability in the world.
(pages 378–379)
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Italian Unification
• In 1850, Austria was still the dominant
power on the Italian Peninsula.
• By 1848, people looked to the northern Italian
state of Piedmont to lead the fight for unification.
• The king of Piedmont named Camillo di Cavour
his prime minister.
• pursued economic expansion to help support
a large army.
• made an alliance with the France, & provoked
the Austrians into declaring war in 1859.
• As a result Piedmont won independance
(pages 379–380)
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Italian Unification (cont.)
• Cavour’s success caused nationalists northern
Italian states to revolt & join Piedmont.
• In southern Italy, a new patriotic leader for
unification emerged – Giuseppe Garibaldi.
• raised an army of 1000 volunteers, called
Red Shirts because of the color of their
uniforms.
• They conquered Sicily & Naples
• 1861 - Garibaldi turned his conquests over to
Piedmont, and the Kingdom of Italy was
formed
(pages 379–380)
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Italian Unification (cont.)
• Italy’s full unification would mean adding
Venetia, (held by Austria) and Rome (held by
the pope & supported by the French).
• The Italian state allied with Prussia in the
Austro-Prussian War of 1866.
• When Prussia won, it gave Venetia to the
Italians.
• France withdrew from Rome in 1870.
• The Italian army annexed Rome and the
city became the Italian capital.
(pages 379–380)
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German Unification
• Germans looked to Prussia’s militarism
for leadership in unification.
• 1860s - King William I tried to enlarge the already
powerful Prussian army.
• legislature refused to levy the tax, William I
appointed, Otto von Bismarck, prime
minister
• Bismarck believed in realpolitik, or practical
politics with little regard for ethics and an
emphasis on power.
• ignoring the legislature he raised taxes & said
“Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism
but to her power.”
(pages 380–381)
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German Unification (cont.)
• 1862-1866 - he governed Prussia w/o legislative
approval.
• 1864 - with Austria as an ally, he defeated
Denmark and gained territory.
• 1866 - He then created friction with Austria, and
the two countries went to war.
• The highly disciplined Prussian army defeated
the Austrians three weeks after war was
declared.
• Problems w/ France soon developed
• France feared a unified Germany.
• 1870 – Bismarck maneuvered Napoleon III of
France into declaring war on Prussia
(pages 380–381)
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German Unification (cont.)
• Prussian armies advanced into France, capturing
the king (Napoleon III) and an entire army.
• Paris surrendered, and an official peace treaty
was signed in 1871.
• France paid 5 billion francs & gave up the provinces
of Alsace and Lorraine to the new German state.
• The French burned for revenge over the loss of
these territories.
• January 18, 1871 - in the palace of Versailles,
William I of Prussia was proclaimed kaiser, or
emperor, of the Second German Empire (the 1st was
the Holy Roman Empire).
• It’s military might combined & industrial resources
made Germany the strongest power on the European
continent.
(pages 380–381)
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Nationalism and Reform in Europe
Great Britain
• Great Britain avoided the revolutionary upheavals
of the first half of the nineteenth century.
• 1815 - the aristocratic classes dominated
Parliament.
• 1832 - Parliament extended the vote to include
male members of the industrial middle class,
giving them an interest in ruling Britain.
• social and political reforms stabilized Britain
through the 1860s.
• continued economic growth also added to its
stability.
(pages 382–384)
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Nationalism and Reform in
Europe (cont.)
• The British feeling of national pride was reflected
in Queen Victoria.
• reigned from 1837 to 1901 (longest in
English history)
• sense of duty & moral respectability reflected
in the era, known as the Victorian Age.
France
• After 1848, events in France moved towards
restoring the monarchy.
• In the 1852 plebiscite, (popular vote) 97%
voted to restore the empire.
• Louis-Napoleon became Napoleon III, emperor
(pages 382–384)
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Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)
• Napoleon III’s government was authoritarian.
• He controlled the armed forces, police, and civil
service.
• After the Prussians defeated the French,
however, the Second Empire fell.
Austria
• The multinational state of Austria had been able
to frustrate the attempts of its ethnic groups for
independence.
• 1866 - the Prussian victory over Austria forced
Austria to make concessions to the strongly
nationalistic Hungarians.
• result was the Compromise of 1867.
• creating a dual monarchy in Austria-Hungary.
(pages 382–384)
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Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)
• Each country had its own constitution, legislature,
bureaucracy, & capital
• sharing a single monarch (Francis Joseph), a
common army, foreign policy, and economy.
• Hungary had become an independent state.
• Other Austrian states were not happy with the
compromise.
Russia
• 1856 - Russia was defeated in the Crimean War.
• conservatives knew that Russia was falling
behind western Europe & needed to modernize
(pages 382–384)
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Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)
• Czar Alexander II made reforms.
• March 3, 1861 - he freed the serfs with an
emancipation edict.
• Peasants could now own property and marry as
they wished.
• The government bought land from the landlords
and provided it to the peasants.
• Landlords kept the best land, leaving the
peasants w/ useless land
• 1881 – Alexander II assassinated
• His son, Alexander III, turned against reform and
returned to the old methods of repression
(pages 382–384)
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Nationalism and Reform in
Europe (cont.)
How could Alexander II have more
effectively freed the serfs?
He could have found ways to guarantee
that the peasants received good and
sufficient land.
(pages 382–384)
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Nationalism in the United States
• The U.S. Constitution had committed the
country to both nationalism and liberalism.
• Federalists and Republicans fought bitterly
over the division of powers between the federal
and state levels in the new government.
• Federalists - strong central government,
Republicans - wanted strong state governments.
• The election of Andrew Jackson opened
a new, more democratic era of American
politics
• The right to vote was extended to all adult
white males, regardless of property.
(pages 384–385)
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Nationalism in the United States (cont.)
• By the mid-19th cent., the issue of American unity
was threatened by slavery.
• The South’s economy was based on growing
cotton using slave labor, and the South was
determined to keep the status quo.
• Abolitionism, a movement to end slavery, arose
in the North and challenged the South.
• In 1858 Abraham Lincoln had said that
“this government cannot endure
permanently half slave and half free.”
• elected president in 1860.
(pages 384–385)
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Nationalism in the United States (cont.)
• A month later South Carolina voted to secede
(withdraw) from the United States.
• Six more southern states did the same, setting up
the rival Confederate States of America.
• War broke out between North and South.
• The American Civil War (1861 to 1865) was
bloody. Over 600,000 soldiers died.
• The Union wore down the Confederacy.
• 1863 - President Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation, freeing the slaves.
• April 9, 1865 - the South surrendered & national
unity prevailed in the United States.
(pages 384–385)
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Nationalism in the
United States (cont.)
Does race still divide the United States,
even though slavery is long over?
(pages 384–385)
Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
D 1. the act of setting free
__
E 2. a movement to end slavery
A. militarism
B. kaiser
__
B 3. German for “caesar,” the title C. plebiscite
of the emperors of the
D. emancipation
Second German Empire
E. abolitionism
__
4.
reliance
on
military
strength
A
__
C 5. a popular vote
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