Download 09 TAJMT Chapter 09

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: War in Europe
Section 2: America’s Road to War
Section 3: Americans Join the Allies
Section 4: The War at Home
Section 5: Searching for Peace
Visual Summary
War in Europe
Essential Question How did militarism
contribute to the outbreak of World War I?
America’s Road to War
Essential Question Why did the United States
enter World War I?
Americans Join the Allies
Essential Question How did the United States
help the Allies win the war?
The War at Home
Essential Question How did the United States
mobilize its resources to fight the war?
Searching for Peace
Essential Question Why did Wilson’s peace
plan fail?
How did militarism contribute to the
outbreak of World War I?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• nationalism
• alliance system
• ethnic group
• balance of power
• militarism
• U-boat
Academic Vocabulary
• dimension
• equip
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Battle of Verdun
Do alliances between countries help
prevent war or make war more likely
to occur?
A. They prevent war.
B. They make war more
likely to occur.
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
Troubles in Europe
Several factors led to the outbreak
of World War I.
Troubles in Europe (cont.)
• The assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand in 1914 destroyed the delicate
balance of European stability and led to war.
• Nationalism caused much of the tension in
Europe.
– It encouraged new nations, such as Italy
and Germany, to unify and establish their
power in the world.
Troubles in Europe (cont.)
– It encouraged certain ethnic groups to
break away from existing nations and seek
independence.
• As European nations competed for colonies,
they strengthened their militaries and
created an atmosphere of militarism.
Troubles in Europe (cont.)
• Military buildups resulted in an alliance
system, and by 1914 two major alliances
were established.
– Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
formed the Triple Alliance.
– Great Britain, France, and Russia formed
the Triple Entente.
• The purpose of alliances was to create a
balance of power to keep the peace.
Who were the members of the Triple Alliance?
A. Great Britain, France,
and Russia
0%
D
0%
A
D. Great Britain, France,
and Spain
C
C. Germany, Austria-Hungary,
and Italy
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
B
B. The United States,
Great Britain, and Germany
Crisis in the Balkans
War spread throughout Europe as a
result of the alliance system.
Crisis in the Balkans (cont.)
• Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist,
assassinated Franz Ferdinand as a way to
bring down the Austro-Hungarian Empire
and unite the Slavs.
• Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia in
July 1914.
Crisis in the Balkans (cont.)
• Europe’s alliance system caused the war to
spread quickly.
– Serbia’s protector was Russia, while
Germany supported Austria-Hungary.
– Germany declared war on Russia and
then on France, Russia’s ally.
– When Germany invaded neutral Belgium,
Great Britain—an ally to Belgium—
declared war on Germany.
Why was Franz Ferdinand assassinated?
A. Because he was a
brutal dictator
B. Because he was not
true to his alliance
0%
D
C
B
A
A. A
C. To bring peace to the
0%B.0%B 0%
Slavic people
C. C
D. To bring down the Austro-Hungarian
D. D
Empire
A World War Begins
World War I was a long, deadly war
as a result of new technologies and
battle strategies.
A World War Begins (cont.)
• The Allied Powers comprised:
– Great Britain
– France
– Russia
– Japan
– Italy
Europe Goes to War
A World War Begins (cont.)
• The Central Powers comprised:
– Germany
– Austria-Hungary
– the Ottoman Empire
Europe Goes to War
A World War Begins (cont.)
• After defeating Belgium, the German army
moved into France.
• British and French troops stopped the
German advance at the Marne River near
Paris.
• For three years, the opposing armies faced
each other across trenches, with neither side
advancing.
A World War Begins (cont.)
• The Battle of Verdun in 1916 was one of
the longest and bloodiest battles of the war,
with more than 750,000 French and German
soldiers losing their lives.
• Advances in technology changed the face of
war.
– Improved cannons and other artillery fired
larger shells at greater distances.
– Better rifles enabled soldiers to hit targets
with greater accuracy.
A World War Begins (cont.)
– Poison gas could kill or injure anyone who
breathed it.
– Armored tanks could cross battle lines and
fire on the enemy at close range.
– Fighter planes equipped with machine
guns added a new dimension to the
fighting.
– German submarines, known as U-boats—
sunk ships carrying supplies to Britain.
Which of the following technology and
weapons were NOT used in World War I?
A. Poison gas
B. Nuclear weapons
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Fighter planes
B
C. Armored tanks
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
Why did the United States enter
World War I?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• propaganda
• autocracy
Academic Vocabulary
• stress
• revolution
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Lusitania
• Selective Service Act
How difficult is it to remain neutral
when friends or family members have
disagreements?
A. Very difficult
A
0%
0%
C
C. Not at all difficult
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
B. Somewhat difficult
American Neutrality
The United States tried to remain
neutral in the war in Europe.
American Neutrality (cont.)
• President Wilson declared that the United
States would be neutral in the war in Europe.
• To gain support, both sides used
propaganda to influence opinion.
• Allied propaganda stressed the German
invasion of neutral Belgium and was more
effective in the United States because of
American sympathy for the British.
Land Forces
American Neutrality (cont.)
• As a neutral nation, America sought to trade
goods with both sides; however, Britain’s
blockade of Germany made this difficult.
• To stop American trade with Britain,
Germany stated that it would sink any
vessels that entered or left British ports.
• When a German U-boat sank the British
passenger liner Lusitania, 128 American
citizens were killed.
War at Sea: The Submarine
What was the initial stance of the United
States government regarding World War I?
A. It supported the
Allied Powers.
0%
C
0%
A
C. It was neutral.
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
B. It supported the
Central Powers.
The End of Neutrality
Relations with Germany worsened,
and the United States entered World
War I.
The End of Neutrality (cont.)
• When Germany stated in 1917 that it would
sink on sight any merchant vessel sailing to
Allied ports, President Wilson broke off
diplomatic relations with Germany.
• Anti-German feelings escalated when British
agents intercepted a secret telegram from a
German foreign minister offering an alliance
with Mexico if war broke out.
The End of Neutrality (cont.)
• A revolution to overthrow the autocracy
and establish free elections took place in
Russia, allowing Wilson to argue that the
allies were fighting a war for democracy.
• In April of 1917, Congress passed a
declaration of war against Germany.
• To raise an army quickly, Congress passed
the Selective Service Act to set up a
military draft.
What was the message of the Zimmermann
telegram?
A. It offered Mexico a chance
to reconquer lost territory
in the United States.
D. It called for democracy in Russia.
0%
D
0%
C
B
A
A. A
0%
B. 0%B
C. C
C. It declared war on the United States.
D. D
B. It warned merchant ships that
they would be sunk if they
approached Allied ports.
How did the United States help the
Allies win the war?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• convoy
• armistice
• kaiser
Academic Vocabulary
• proceed
• consent
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Bolsheviks
• Vladimir Lenin
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• John J. Pershing
What do you think would have happened if
there had been no Zimmerman telegram?
A. The United States would
have entered the war when
it did in April.
0%
C
A. A
B. 0%B
0%
C. C
B
A
B. The United States would
have entered the war at
a later time.
C. The United States would not have been drawn
into the war.
Supplying the Allies
Russia withdrew from the war, but
the American troops helped turn the
tide in favor of the Allies.
Supplying the Allies (cont.)
• To ensure that needed supplies reached
Great Britain, U.S. Navy convoys escorted
merchant ships.
• In 1917, the Bolsheviks—led by Vladimir
Lenin—overthrew the democratic Russian
government and pulled out of the war to
focus on setting up their new Communist
state.
Europe During World War I, 1914–1918
Supplying the Allies (cont.)
• Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
with Germany, enabling Germany to move
thousands of troops to France.
• In 1918, German troops launched a massive
attack to capture the city of Amiens before
proceeding to Paris.
Europe During World War I, 1914–1918
Supplying the Allies (cont.)
• The American army—known as the
American Expeditionary Force (AEF)—was
led by General John J. Pershing and
arrived in Europe in the spring of 1918.
• In the Battle of the Argonne Forest—the
most massive attack in American history—
the Allies pushed back the Germans and
broke through the enemy lines.
Europe During World War I, 1914–1918
Why did Russia withdraw from the war?
A. They knew they were
going to lose.
B. They wanted to focus on
setting up their new
government.
to Russia.
D
C
B
A
A. A
0%
0%
0%
0%
C. They did not want to fight
B. B
alongside Americans.
C. C
D. Germany agreed to give some of their territory
D. D
The End of the War
By late 1918, Germany was losing
the war and appealed for an
armistice to end the fighting.
The End of the War (cont.)
• In November of 1918, the governments of
Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire
had surrendered to the Allied Powers.
• The German government appealed to
President Wilson for an armistice.
The End of the War (cont.)
• Wilson consented, but only under certain
conditions.
– Germany must accept Wilson’s plan for
peace and not renew hostilities.
– All German troops must leave Belgium
and France.
– Wilson would only deal with civilian
leaders, not the military.
The End of the War (cont.)
• In Germany, a revolution occurred and the
German kaiser stepped down.
• The new leaders of Germany accepted
Wilson’s terms for an armistice, which began
on November 11, 1918.
Which of the following was NOT a reason
Germany agreed to an armistice?
A. Germany’s allies had
surrendered to the Allied Powers.
0%
0%
D
A
B
0%
C
D
C
A
A.
B.
C. Russia had reentered the war.
0%
C.
D. Germans were suffering from
shortages of food and other supplies. D.
B
B. American troops and supplies
had fortified the Allied War effort.
How did the United States mobilize
its resources to fight the war?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• mobilization
• pacifist
• ration
• dissent
• socialist
Academic Vocabulary
• consume
• perceive
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Great Migration
• Espionage Act
• Sabotage Act
• Sedition Act
Rate your agreement with the following
statement: The people of the United States
come together in times of crisis.
A. Strongly agree
0%
D
0%
C
D. Strongly disagree
B
C. Somewhat disagree
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
0%
D. D
A
B. Somewhat agree
Mobilizing the Nation
The United States prepared to fight
the war.
Mobilizing the Nation (cont.)
• After declaring war on Germany in 1917,
mobilization affected almost every part of
American life.
– The National War Labor Board was
created to ensure businesses granted
important demands of laborers in
exchange for workers not going on strike.
– War bonds were sold and taxes were
raised to pay for the war.
Mobilizing the Nation (cont.)
– Labor shortages provided new job
opportunities for women.
– Large numbers of African Americans left
their homes in the rural South to find jobs
in Northern cities in what was known as
the Great Migration.
– The Food Administration encouraged
rationing and Americans consumed less
food.
Mobilizing the Nation (cont.)
– The Committee on Public Information
promoted the war as a battle for
democracy and freedom.
Which of the following did NOT contribute to the labor
shortage as the United States mobilized for the war?
A. Labor unions organized strikes
to demand higher wages and
shorter hours.
0%
0%
D
0%
C
D. Demand increased as businesses
produced goods vital to the war effort.
0%
A
B
C
D
B
C. Immigration slowed during the war.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A
B. Millions of men left their jobs to
serve in the armed forces.
Public opinion and the War
During World War I, the American
government approved legislation to
control public opinion.
Public opinion and the War (cont.)
• Opposition to the war remained strong
among socialists and pacifists.
• The Committee on Public Information tried to
silence dissent.
• The Espionage Act of 1917 provided stiff
penalties for spying or aiding the enemy.
Public opinion and the War (cont.)
• The Sabotage Act and the Sedition Act
made it a crime to say, print, or write any
criticism perceived as negative about the
government.
What did the socialists believe?
A. Industries should be
publicly owned
B. Violence should not
be used
0%
0%
D
0%
B
A
0%
C
A. A
C. Those participating in
espionage should be executed B. B
C.beC
D. Criticism of the government should
punished
D. D
Why did Wilson’s Peace Plan fail?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• national self-determination
• reparation
Academic Vocabulary
• final
• achieve
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Fourteen Points
• League of Nations
• Treaty of Versailles
• Henry Cabot Lodge
Have you ever had to make
reparations to a friend or family
member because you damaged
something of theirs?
0%
C
C. Never
B
B. Once or twice
A. A
B. B
C
0%C. 0%
A
A. Many times
Making a Peace
World War I ended, but the Allies
opposed Wilson’s plan for peace.
Making a Peace (cont.)
• President Wilson’s peace plan was outlined
in the Fourteen Points.
– Several points reflected Wilson’s belief in
national self-determination, although
they did not provide clear solutions on how
to achieve this goal.
– Wilson also called for free trade and
freedom of the seas.
The Human Cost of War
Making a Peace (cont.)
– Wilson supported an end to secret treaties
among nations.
– He also called for limits on arms.
– Wilson’s final point was the creation of a
League of Nations.
Europe After World War I
Making a Peace (cont.)
• The European leaders showed little
enthusiasm for the Fourteen Points.
• Great Britain and France demanded
Germany make reparations for damages
caused in the war.
Europe After World War I
Making a Peace (cont.)
• Germany and the Allies signed the Treaty of
Versailles on June 28, 1919. Under the
terms of the treaty:
– Germany had to accept full responsibility
for the conflict.
– Germany had to pay billions of dollars in
reparations to the Allies.
– Germany had to disarm completely.
Making a Peace (cont.)
– Germany had to give up overseas
colonies and some territory in Europe.
– The Austro-Hungarian and Russian
Empires were carved up into new nations.
– A League of Nations was formed.
What countries made up the Big Four?
A. Germany, Russia,
Spain, and Italy
B. Great Britain, France,
Italy, and Russia
D
C
B
A
A. A
B. 0%B 0% 0%
C. Great Britain, France,
0%
the United States, and Italy
C. C
D. DRussia
D. France, the United States, Italy, and
Opposition at Home
The U.S. Senate rejected the Treaty
of Versailles and the League of
Nations.
Opposition at Home (cont.)
• Many Americans had doubts about the
Treaty of Versailles.
– Some thought it dealt too harshly with
Germany.
– Others worried that the League of Nations
marked a permanent American
commitment to international affairs.
Opposition at Home (cont.)
• Senator Henry Cabot Lodge was the most
powerful opponent of the treaty.
• The treaty was rejected by the Senate, and
in 1921, the United States signed a separate
peace treaty with each of the Central
Powers.
Which of the following is NOT a reason the Senate
rejected the Treaty of Versailles?
A. It was a good chance to
embarrass President Wilson.
B. The Senate felt the treaty dealt too
harshly with Germany.
0%
D
C
B
A
A. A
C. It was an opportunity to weaken
B. 0%
B 0%
0%
the Republican Party.
C. C
D. The Senate did not approve of the League of
D. D
Nations.
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nationalism
intense loyalty to one’s nation or
group and promotion of its interests
above all others
ethnic group
a minority that speaks a different
language or follows different customs
than the majority of people in a
country; people who share a common
language and traditions
militarism
a buildup of military strength within a
country
alliance system
defense agreements among nations
balance of power
the distribution of power among
nations so that no single nation can
dominate or interfere with another
U-boat
German submarine in World Wars I
and II
dimension
aspect; one element or factor among
many
equip
furnish; provide with
propaganda
ideas or information designed and
spread to influence opinion
autocracy
government in which one person has
unlimited power
stress
call particular attention to; emphasize
revolution
a war to overthrow a government
convoy
a group that travels with something,
such as a ship, to protect it
armistice
a temporary peace agreement to end
fighting
kaiser
emperor; the leader of Germany from
1871 to 1918
proceed
continue on
consent
agree to
mobilization
gathering resources and preparing for
war
ration
to give out scarce items on a limited
basis
socialist
person who believes industries
should be publicly owned and run by
the government rather than by private
individuals
pacifist
person opposed to the use of war or
violence to settle disputes
dissent
disagreement with or opposition
to an opinion
consume
to use
perceive
to recognize; understand
national self-determination
the right of people to decide how they
should be governed
reparations
payment by a defeated aggressor
nation for damages caused by war
final
last; ultimate
achieve
accomplish; gain by effort
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