Download Industrialism

The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain
• capital–money to invest–for industrial
machines and factories. 
• Wealthy entrepreneurs were looking for
ways to invest and make profits. 
• To accommodate the surge in the
production of cotton: The two-step
process of spinning and weaving had
been done by individuals in their homes, a
production method called cottage
industry.
(pages 363–365)
The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain (cont.)
• The cotton industry
became even more
productive after the
Scottish engineer
James Watt
improved the steam
engine in 1782 so it
could drive
machinery. 
• By 1840 cotton cloth was Britain’s most
valuable product. 
The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain (cont.)
• Since they were an
efficient way to
move resources and
goods, railroads
were crucial to the
Industrial
Revolution. 
• The Rocket was used on the first public
railway line, which opened in 1830. (about
16 mph). Within 20 years, trains were
going 50 miles per hour 
Social Impact in Europe (cont.)
• The pitiful conditions for workers in the
Industrial Revolution led to a movement
called socialism. 
• Under socialism, society, usually
government, owns and controls some
means of production–such as factories
and utilities.
Social Impact in Europe (cont.)
• Early socialism was largely the idea of
intellectuals who believed in the equality
of all people and who wanted to replace
competition with cooperation. 
• Later socialists like Karl Marx thought
these ideas were not practical and called
those who believed them utopian
socialists.
(pages 367–370)
The Congress of Vienna
• When the great powers of Austria,
Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain met at
the Congress of Vienna in 1814, they
wanted to restore the old order after
Napoleon’s defeat. 
• Prince Klemens von Metternich was the
Austrian foreign minister who led the
Congress. 
• He said he was guided at Vienna by the
principle of legitimacy: legitimate
monarchs deposed by Napoleon would be
restored in the interest of peace and
stability.
The Congress of Vienna (cont.)
• The participants in the Congress of
Vienna also rearranged European
territories to form a new balance of
military and political power to keep
one country from dominating Europe. 
• To balance Russian territorial gains,
Prussia and Austria were given new
territories, for example.
(pages 371–372)
The Conservative Order
• The arrangement worked out at the
Congress of Vienna curtailed the forces
set loose by the French Revolution. 
• Those who saw this as a victory, such as
Metternich, held a political philosophy
called conservatism.
• Conservatives wanted obedience to
traditional political authority and believed
that organized religion was important to an
ordered society. 
• They did not like revolution or demands for
rights and government representation.
Forces of Change
• Liberalism is based principally on
Enlightenment principles and held that
people should be free of government
restraint as much as possible. 
• The chief liberal belief was the importance
of protecting the basic rights of all people. 
• Nationalists came to believe that each
nationality should have its own
government. 
The Revolutions of 1848 (cont.)
• The monarchy was overthrown in 1848. 
• Moderate and radical republicans–people
who wanted France to be a republic–set
up a temporary government. 
• It called for the election of representatives
to a Constituent Assembly that would
draw up a new constitution. 
• Election would be by universal male
suffrage–all adult men could vote, not
just the wealthy.
(pages 374–376)
The Revolutions of 1848 (cont.)
• The new constitution, ratified in November
1848, set up the Second Republic, with a
single legislature elected by universal
male suffrage. 
• A president served for four years. Charles
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (called LouisNapoleon), the famous ruler’s nephew,
was elected president.
• By 1871 both Germany and Italy were
unified, a change caused by the Crimean
War. 
• The Crimean War was rooted in a conflict
between Russia and the Ottoman Empire,
which controlled much of the Balkans in
southeastern Europe. 
• The power of the Ottoman Empire
declined in the nineteenth century.
Breakdown of the Concert of
Europe (cont.)
• Russia wanted to expand into the Balkans
so it could have access to the Dardanelles
and the Mediterranean Sea, giving it the
naval might to be the great power in
eastern Europe. 
• Russia invaded the Turkish Balkan
provinces of Moldavia and Walachia, and
the Ottomans declared war on Russia. 
• Great Britain and France, fearing Russia’s
ambitions, allied with the Ottomans. 
• The Crimean War was on.
Breakdown of the Concert of
Europe (cont.)
• Heavy losses caused the Russians to
seek peace. 
• In the Treaty of Paris of 1856, Russia
agreed to have Moldavia and Walachia
placed under the protection of all the
great powers.
Breakdown of the Concert of
Europe (cont.)
• Austria and Russia had been the two
powers maintaining order, but now they
were enemies because Austria had not
supported Russia in the Crimean War due
to its own interests in the Balkans. 
• Russia withdrew from European affairs for
the next 20 years. 
• Austria had no friends among the great
powers, and Germany and Italy now could
unify.
German Unification
• Germans looked to Prussia’s militarism
for leadership in unification. 
• In the 1860s, King William I tried to
enlarge the already powerful Prussian
army. 
• When the legislature refused to levy the
tax, William I appointed a new prime
minister, Otto von Bismarck.
German Unification (cont.)
• Bismarck collected taxes and
strengthened the army. 
• From 1862 to 1866, he governed Prussia
without legislative approval. 
• With Austria as an ally, he defeated
Denmark and gained territory. 
• He then created friction with Austria, and
the two countries went to war in 1866. 
• The highly disciplined Prussian army
defeated the Austrians soundly less than
a month after war was declared.
German Unification (cont.)
• Bismarck often is seen as the greatest
nineteenth-century practitioner of
realpolitik, or practical politics with little
regard for ethics and an emphasis on
power. 
• He ignored the legislature on the matter
of the army, saying that “Germany does
not look to Prussia’s liberalism but to her
power.”
German Unification (cont.)
• Prussia organized northern German
states into a North German
Confederation. 
• The southern German states signed
military alliances with Prussia for
protection against France, even though
Prussia was Protestant and southern
Germany was Catholic.
German Unification (cont.)
• Prussia dominated all of northern
Germany. 
• Problems with France soon developed. 
• France feared a strong German state. 
• From a misunderstanding between
Prussia and France over the candidacy of
a relative of the Prussian king for the
throne of Spain, the Franco-Prussian War
broke out in 1870. 
• Prussia and its southern German allies
handily defeated the French.
German Unification (cont.)
• Prussian armies advanced into France,
capturing the king (Napoleon III) and an
entire army. 
• Paris surrendered, and an official peace
treaty was signed in 1871. 
• France paid 5 billion francs and gave up
the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to
the new German state. 
• The French burned for revenge over the
loss of these territories.
German Unification (cont.)
• The southern German states joined the
North German Confederation. 
• On January 18, 1871, in the Hall of
Mirrors in the palace of Versailles, William
I of Prussia was proclaimed kaiser, or
emperor, of the Second German Empire
(the first was the Holy Roman Empire).
Organizing the Working Classes
• Industrial workers formed socialist political
parties and unions to improve their
working conditions. 
• Karl Marx developed the theory they were
based on. 
• In 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
published The Communist Manifesto. 
• They were appalled by industrial working
conditions and blamed capitalism. 
• They proposed a new social system. 
• One form of Marxist socialism was
eventually called communism.
Organizing the Working Classes (cont.)
• Marx believed world history was a history
of class struggle between the oppressing
owners of the means of production and
the oppressed workers. 
• The oppressors controlled politics and
government. 
• Government was an instrument of the
ruling class.
Organizing the Working Classes (cont.)
• Marx believed that society was
increasingly dividing between the
bourgeoisie (middle-class oppressors)
and the proletariat (working-class
oppressed), each hostile to the other. 
• Marx predicted the conflict would result in
a revolution in which the proletariat would
violently overthrow the bourgeoisie and
form a dictatorship (a government in
which a person or group has absolute
power). 
• The revolution would ultimately produce a
society without classes and class conflict.
Organizing the Working Classes (cont.)
• The German Social Democratic Party
(SPD), which emerged in 1875, was
the most important. 
• SPD delegates in the parliament worked
to pass laws for improving conditions of
the working class. 
• The SPD became Germany’s largest
party in 1912 when it received four million
votes.
Western Europe and Political
Democracy
• As a result of the massacre of peaceful
petitioners in 1905, Czar Nicholas of
Russia faced a revolution. 
• Elsewhere, many people were loyal to
their nation-states.
(pages 411–413)
Central and Eastern Europe:
The Old Order
• Nicholas II began his rule in Russia in
1894. 
• He believed in the absolute power of the
czars, but conditions were changing. By
1900, industrialization was beginning to
take off in Russia. 
• It was the world’s fourth largest producer
of steel.
Central and Eastern Europe:
The Old Order (cont.)
• Industrialization brought the creation of
an industrial working class and pitiful living
conditions for most of its members. 
• Socialist parties developed, and
government repression forced them
underground. 
• Revolution broke out in 1905. 
• In 1905, a massive procession of
workers went to the Winter Palace in
St. Petersburg to present a petition
of grievances to the czar.
Central and Eastern Europe:
The Old Order (cont.)
• Troops opened fire and killed hundreds
of demonstrators. 
• This “Bloody Sunday” caused workers
in Russia to call strikes. 
• Nicholas II granted civil liberties and
created a legislative assembly, the
Duma. 
• Within a few years, however, he again
controlled Russia through the army and
bureaucracy.
International Rivalries
• Bismarck formed the Triple Alliance with
Austria-Hungary and Italy in 1882. 
• It was a defensive alliance against
France, whom Bismarck feared was
making anti-German alliances with other
nations. 
• In 1890 William II fired Bismarck and
pursued a foreign policy of enhancing
Germany’s power.
International Rivalries (cont.)
• William II dropped Germany’s treaty with
Russia. 
• In 1894 France and Russia made an
alliance. 
• Great Britain joined with France and
Russia in what was known as the Triple
Entente. 
• Europe was now divided into two
uncompromising camps. 
• Events in the Balkans moved the world
toward war.
Crises in the Balkans
• Balkan provinces of the Ottoman Empire
had gradually gained independence over
the nineteenth century. 
• Greece, Romania, Serbia, and
Montenegro were independent by 1878. 
• Bosnia and Herzegovina were annexed
by Austria-Hungary in 1908.
Crises in the Balkans (cont.)
• The Serbians opposed the annexation
because they wanted Bosnia and
Herzegovina to create a large, Slavic
nation. 
• Russia supported the Serbians in this
effort. 
• William II demanded Russia acknowledge
Austria-Hungary’s claim. 
• The result would be war if Russia did not.
Anti-Semitism and Zionism
• Anti-Semitism is hostility and
discrimination against Jews and a
significant feature of modern European
history. 
• Since the Middle Ages, Jews had been
portrayed as the murderers of Christ,
subjected to mob violence, and had
their rights restricted. 
• In the nineteenth century, Jews had
increasingly assumed positions within
mainstream European society. 
• The Dreyfus affair in France showed
that these gains were tenuous.
Anti-Semitism and Zionism (cont.)
• Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the
French army, was accused of selling
military secrets. 
• He was sentenced to life imprisonment
even though evidence showed his
innocence and pointed to the guilt of a
Catholic officer. 
• Public outrage finally resulted in a
pardon for Dreyfus.
Anti-Semitism and Zionism (cont.)
• During the 1880s and 1890s, anti-Semitic
political parties sprang up in Germany
and Austria-Hungary. 
• The worst treatment was in eastern
Europe, where a majority of the world
Jewish population lived. 
• In Russia, for example, there were
organized persecutions and massacres
called pogroms.
(pages 420–421)
The New Imperialism
• In the 1800s, European nations began a
new push of imperialism–the extension of
a nation’s power over other lands. 
• A new phase of Western expansion into
and trade with Asia and Africa began in
the nineteenth century. 
• Asia and Africa were seen as a source of
raw materials for industrial production and
as a market for Europe’s manufactured
goods.
The New Imperialism (cont.)
• This “new imperialism,” as some
historians have called it, was not content
to have trading posts and agreements, as
the old imperialism was, but wanted direct
control over territories. 
• There was a strong economic motive for
Western nations to increase their search
for colonies after 1880. 
• Europeans wanted direct control of the
raw materials and markets it found in
Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
The New Imperialism (cont.)
• The new imperialism was tied to racism
and Social Darwinism. 
• Others believed that the Western nations
had a moral or religious duty to “civilize”
Asian, African, and Latin American
nations, which often meant to Christianize
them.
West Africa
• Europeans did not hesitate to deceive
Africans in order to get their land and
natural resources. 
• Driven by rivalries among themselves,
Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium,
Italy, Spain, and Portugal placed almost
all of Africa under European rule between
1880 and 1890.
West Africa (cont.)
• West Africa was particularly affected by
the slave trade, but trafficking in slaves
had declined after it was declared illegal
by both Great Britain and the United
States by 1808. 
• By the 1890s, slavery was abolished in
all the major countries of the world.
Make certain you are familiar with the following notes.
We will vaguely go over them in class but it is your
responsibility to overview the following information.