Download Napoleon Bonaparte Attended military school at the age of nine

The Napoleonic Era
1799-1815
Napoleon Bonaparte
Attended military school at
the age of nine, joined the
French military at sixteen
Supported the Revolution
Served in several places
during the early part of the
revolutionary wars
Became famous after
protecting the National
Convention in 1795
Led successful campaigns
against Austria, Sardinia,
Italy
Became known as “the
general”
Mother - Letizia
Father - Carlos
Siblings
Joseph
Lucien
Pauline
Elise
Caroline
Louis
Jerome
Napoleon’s Rise to Power
Earlier military career  the Italian
Campaigns:
– 1796-1797  he conquered most of northern
Italy for France, and had
developed a taste for governing.
– In northern Italy, he moved to suppress
religious orders, end serfdom, and limit ageold noble privilege.
Earlier military career  the Egyptian
Campaign:
– 1798  he was defeated by a British navy
under Admiral Horatio Nelson, who destroyed
the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile.
– Abandoning his troops in Egypt, Napoleon
returned to France and received a hero’s
welcome!
Josephine marries Napoleon in 1796
Coup d’Etat, “Blow of state”
By 1799 the corruption of
the Directory along with
the failing war effort
against the Second
Coalition left the
government vulnerable
Napoleon was put in
charge of the military on
November 9, 1799
The next day, he and his
army seized power by
overtaking the legislature,
which then voted to end
the Directory. The Directory
was replaced with three
consuls, and Napoleon was
made First Consul
18 Brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799)
 Coup d’état by
Napoleon.
 Approved by a
plebiscite in
December.
 Abbe Sieyès:
Confidence from
below; authority
from above.
Europe in 1800
First Consul
Of France
Napoleon as First Consul
With the government in
disarray, Napoleon launched a
successful coup d’ etat on
November 9, 1799.
He proclaimed himself “First
Consul” [Julius Caesar’s title]
and did away with the elected
Assembly [appointing a
Senate instead].
– In 1802, he made himself
sole “Consul for Life.”
– Two years later he
proclaimed himself
“Emperor.”
The Government of the Consulate
Council of State
– Proposed the laws.
– Served as a Cabinet & the
highest court.
Tribunate
– Debated laws, but did not
vote on them.
Legislature
– Voted on laws, but did not discuss or debate them.
Senate
– Had the right to review and veto legislation.
Napoleon's rule of France
Napoleon appealed to many, like Abbé
Sieyès, who looked for a strong military
leader to end the country's upheaval.
He maintained order and worked out
important compromises.
Conquerors: Napoleon
Napoleon’s Achievements
His Civil Code of 1804 granted the
middle class equality under the law and
safeguarded their right to own property.
He confirmed the gains of the peasants.
He centralized the government,
strengthened the bureaucracy, and
granted amnesty to nobles.
He signed the Concordat of 1801, which
guaranteed freedom of worship for
Catholics.
Concordat of 1801
Napoleon wanted to heal the
divisions within the Catholic
Church that had developed
after the confiscation of
Church property and the Civil
Constitution of the Clergy.
But, Napoleon’s clear intent
was to use the clergy to prop
up his regime.
Catholicism was declared the
religion of the majority of
Frenchmen.
Papal acceptance of church lands
lost during the Revolution.
Bishops subservient to the regime.
Eventually, Pope Pius VII
renounced the Concordat, and
Napoleon had him brought to
France and placed under house
arrest.
Lycee System of Education
Established by Napoleon in 1801 as an educational
reform.
Lycées initially enrolled the nation’s most talented
students [they had to pay tuition, although there was
some financial help available for poorer student].
Lycées trained the nation’s future bureaucrats.
Napoleonic Code 1804
It divides civil law into:
– Personal status.
– Property.
– The acquisition of property.
Its purpose was to reform
the French legal code to
reflect the principles of
the Fr. Revolution.
Create one law code for
France.
Napoleon and his Code
“Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon & the Empress
Josephine,” 1806 by David
Coronation December 2, 1804
Empress Josephine
Josephine’s Bedroom
Napoleon’s Bedchamber
Napoleon’s
Throne
The Imperial Image
The “Empire” Style
Madame Recamier by David, 1808
Napoleon brought order and stability to
France but betrayed the ideals of the
Revolution by violating the rights of free
speech and press and free elections.
– 1. Women had no political rights; they lost
many gains they had made, and the
Napoleonic Code reestablished the power of
the male in the family.
– 2. There were harsh penalties for political
offenses.
Napoleon's wars and foreign policy
He defeated Austria (1801) and made peace
with Britain (1802), the two remaining members
of the Second Coalition.
Another war (against the Third Coalition-Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Britain) resulted in
British naval dominance at the Battle of Trafalgar
(1805).
The Third Coalition collapsed at Austerlitz
(1805), and Napoleon reorganized the
German states into the Confederation of
the Rhine.
In 1806, Napoleon defeated the Prussians
at Jena and Auerstädt.
– 1. In the Treaty of Tilsit (1807), Prussia lost
half its population, while Russia accepted
Napoleon's reorganization of western and
central Europe.
– 2. Russia also joined with France in a
blockade against British goods. (Continental
System)
Map
Napoleon divorces Josephine and marries Marie-Louise de Hapsburg
Josephine dies in 1814
Napoleon's Grand Empire in Europe
meant French control of continental
Europe.
– 1. Napoleon introduced many French laws,
abolishing feudal dues and serfdom in the
process.
– 2. However, he also levied heavy taxes.
– 3. French rule sparked patriotic upheavals
and nationalism in other countries.
The beginning of the end for Napoleon came with
the Spanish revolt (1808) and the British blockade.
The French invasion of Russia in 1812 was a
disaster for Napoleon--over 500,000 died or were
taken prisoner.
Napoleon was defeated by the Fourth Coalition
(Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain) and
abdicated his throne in 1814, only to be defeated
again at Waterloo in 1815.
The Bourbon dynasty was restored in France under
Louis XVIII.
3 Big Mistakes
Peninsular War with Spain
Continental System
Invasion of Russia
Napoleon and the French Army
French Governments of the Revolution
Absolute Monarchy = Louis XVI
National Assembly 1789-1791
Legislative Assembly 1791-1792
National Convention 1792-1795
Directory = Council of Elders 1795-1799
= Council of 500
Consulate = 3 leaders 1799-1804
Empire = Napoleon 1804-1814
Hundred Days = Napoleon’s comeback 1815
The Congress of Vienna
The Leaders
Metternich (Aus.)
Alexander I
Castlereah (Br.)
Francis II (Aus.)
Frederick William III (Prus.)
Talleyrand (Fr.)
King Louis XVIII
By 1814, the conservative monarchs had
defeated French armies and checked the
spread of the French Revolution--but
many questions remained unanswered..
After exiling Napoleon, European leaders
at the Congress of Vienna try to restore
order and reestablish peace.
Key Principles Established
at Vienna
V
Balance of Power
V
Legitimacy
V
Compensation
e
Coalition forces would occupy France for
3-5 years.
e
France would have to pay an indemnity of
700,000,000 francs.
The European balance of power
The victors (mainly the alliance of Russia,
Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain) restored the
French boundaries of 1792 and the Bourbon
dynasty.
They made other changes in the boundaries of
Europe, establishing Prussia as a "sentinel"
against France, and created a new kingdom out
of Belgium and Holland.
It was believed that the concept of the balance
of power--an international equilibrium of political
and military forces--would preserve peace in
Europe.
But the demands of the victors, especially
the Prussians and the Russians, for
compensation threatened the balance.
– 1. The Russian demands for Poland and the
Prussian wish for Saxony led to conflict
among the powers.
– 2. Castlereagh, Metternich, and Talleyrand
forced Russia and Prussia into a compromise
whereby Russia got part of Poland and
Prussia received two-fifths of Saxony.
Napoleon dies on St. Helena in 1821
Napoleon’s Tomb