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1. 300-900 A.D. 2. *located in southern Mexico & northern Central America – began on the Yucatan Peninsula *Tikal – largest city, thrived from trade 3. Social Structure -ruling chief – one per city 3. Social Structure -ruling chief – one per city -nobles – military leaders & government officials 3. Social Structure -ruling chief – one per city -nobles – military leaders & government officials -priests – in charge of ritual ceremonies 3. Social Structure -ruling chief – one per city -nobles – military leaders & government officials -priests – in charge of ritual ceremonies -farmers – paid taxes 4. Major Developments *accurate 365-day calendar (based on the sun) *numbering system with concept of zero *hieroglyphic writing (picture writings carved in stone or bark) *towering pyramid temples in which priests performed sacrifices (tallest structures in Americas until skyscrapers) 5. Decline of Empire *no one knows for sure why the Mayans abandoned their cities -theories: 1. overfarming exhausted the soil, 2. frequent warfare, 3. peasant revolts, etc. 1. 1300s – 1521 2. located in central Mexico *capital = Tenochtitlan (present day Mexico City) *large island in Lake Texcoco 3. Social Structure -ruler - emperor 3. Social Structure -ruler - emperor -nobles – government officials 3. Social Structure -ruler - emperor -nobles – government officials -priests, career warriors, & administrators 3. Social Structure -ruler - emperor -nobles – government officials -priests, career warriors, & administrators -soldiers & common farmers 3. Social Structure -ruler - emperor -nobles – government officials -priests, career warriors, & administrators -soldiers & common farmers -slaves –captured peoples 4. Developments *corn – came from maize cultivated by Atzecs *tomato *chocolate (called xocoatl) – made from cacao beans *primitive medicines (from herbs) to treat fevers & wounds *physicians could set broken bones & treat dental cavities 5. Decline of Empire *See European Conquests 1. 1200-1535 2. Located in the Andes Mountains of South America from presentday Ecuador to central Chile *capital = Cuzco 3. Social Structure -Sapa Inca – god-king (son of the sun) 3. Social Structure -Sapa Inca – god-king (son of the sun) -nobles – ruled provinces 3. Social Structure -Sapa Inca – god-king (son of the sun) -nobles – ruled provinces -government officials 3. Social Structure -Sapa Inca – god-king (son of the sun) -nobles – ruled provinces -government officials -farmers 4. Developments *quipu (collection of knotted, colored strings) to keep dates, events, and financial records *12,000 mile road system through mountains *domestication of alpaca & llama as pack animals & for wool *step terracing system to prevent erosion 5. Decline of Empire *see European Conquests ***during the 1500s, Europeans began to explore & colonize the Americas ***conquistador = Spanish conqueror (mission is for God, gold, & glory) 1. Christopher Columbus -first explorer to reach the Americas – began the colonization process -began a vast global exchange across the Atlantic of animals, plants, technology, culture, & disease, which became known as the Columbian Exchange 2. Hernan Cortes -this conquistador defeated the Aztec Empire & claimed Mexico for Spain 3. Francisco Pizarro -his men destroyed the Inca empire -they set up a political structure in which a viceroy (official appointed by the king) ruled the colony ***in addition to the Spanish, the Portuguese, British, Dutch, and French also conquered parts of Latin America & claimed the lands for their countries ***European colonies in the Americas became sources of wealth for the mother country -some Spanish colonies prospered from gold & silver mining -others had huge plantations in Latin America on which they grew coffee, bananas, & sugar cane to export to Europe -others established large farms & cattle ranches *Spanish & Portuguese used Native Americans to work the plantations & ranches *as epidemic diseases & hardships killed off many Native Americans, Europeans began to import enslaved Africans to meet the labor shortage Long-Term Causes -European domination of Latin America Long-Term Causes -European domination of Latin America -spread of European Enlightenment ideas Long-Term Causes -European domination of Latin America -spread of European Enlightenment ideas -American and French Revolutions for independence Long-Term Causes -European domination of Latin America -spread of European Enlightenment ideas -American and French Revolutions for independence -growth of resentment in Latin America Long-Term Causes -European domination of Latin America -spread of European Enlightenment ideas -American and French Revolutions for independence -growth of resentment in Latin America Immediate Causes -resentment of colonial rule & social injustice Long-Term Causes Immediate Causes -European domination of Latin America -resentment of colonial rule & social injustice -spread of European Enlightenment ideas -strong revolutionary leaders emerge -American and French Revolutions for independence -growth of resentment in Latin America Long-Term Causes Immediate Causes -European domination of Latin America -resentment of colonial rule & social injustice -spread of European Enlightenment ideas -strong revolutionary leaders emerge -American and French Revolutions for independence -Napoleon invades Spain & ousts Spanish king (shows Spanish weakness) -growth of resentment in Latin America 1. Haiti (1790-1804) -Francois Toussaint Louverture (son of enslaved Africans) – led revolt of Africans from *first Latin country to gain independence European rule (France) 2. Mexico (1810-1821) -independence movement led by a priest, Father Miguel Hidalgo of Dolores -encouraged lower class Mexicans to fight for their freedom & more rights 3. South America (early 1800s-1824) -Simon Bolivar of Venezuela & Jose de San Martin of Argentina helped lead South America to independence from Spain -they hoped to create a united South America called “Gran Colombia” but it fragmented very quickly (local needs) -Brazil gained its independence from Portugal without having to use force Immediate Effects -colonial rule ends is much of Latin America Immediate Effects -colonial rule ends is much of Latin America -attempts made to rebuild economies (previously based in mother country) Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects -colonial rule ends is much -numerous independent of Latin America nations in Latin America -attempts made to rebuild economies (previously based in mother country) Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects -colonial rule ends is much -numerous independent of Latin America nations in Latin America -attempts made to rebuild economies (previously based in mother country) -continuing efforts to achieve stable democratic governments & gain economic independence Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects -colonial rule ends is much -numerous independent of Latin America nations in Latin America -attempts made to rebuild economies (previously based in mother country) -continuing efforts to achieve stable democratic governments & gain economic independence ***today, some countries are still under foreign control -example: Martinique is a possession of France, Cayman Islands are possession of Great Britain, Curacao is possession of Netherlands – Puerto Rico still has political connections to the U.S. ***independence movements were supposed to encourage democracy & more individual rights, however a time period of chaos & harsh control ensued after revolutions ended ***political & economic power remained in the hands of a small group of wealthy landowners, army officers, & the clergy (church) -written constitutions were ignored -public dissatisfaction with the ruling powers led to revolts -revolts made the governments rely heavily on the military to keep power -the military became a very powerful force in many Latin American countries *chaotic situation led to widespread leadership by caudillos (dictators) -centralized power under themselves with the help of military forces & wealthy landowners -when military officers & wealthy landowners became unhappy with the caudillo, they would form a coup (pronounced “coo”), which would overthrow the caudillo **during the 1900s, many Latin American countries began to experience dramatic political, social, and economic change A. Sources of Unrest -since colonial times: *uneven wealth distribution between the rich & poor *upper class = descended from Europeans *lower class = mestizos, Native Americans, people of African descent -by mid-1900s, 2 new social classes had emerged = middle class & working class (due to work in the cities) -in rural areas, peasant farmers owned only small plots & often worked for low wages on commercial estates *as more and more people crowded into the cities, ghettos emerged around the outskirts (not all people could find jobs) B. Politics: Reform, Repression, or Revolution 1. Competing Ideologies -post WWII, 2 forces of political ideologies emerged a. Reformers – liberals, socialists, students, labor leaders, peasants, priests, etc. – wanted to improve conditions for poor b. Conservatives – military, traditional landowners, growing business middle class - wanted to maintain status quo 2. Military Regimes -as social unrest increased, military governments seized power in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile (claiming need to restore order) *many outlawed political parties, censored the press, & closed universities *some governments imprisoned people & executed dissident citizens 3. Threat of Revolution -guerillas & urban terrorists battled repressed governments -rebels argued for equality of the classes and/or condemned domination by the U.S. in Latin America 4. Revival of Democracy -inflation, debt, and growing protests led many Latin American countries to hold multiparty elections to select leaders -example: in Mexico in 2000, nearly 70 years of one-party rule ended when candidate of PRI lost presidency to Vicente Fox of PAN – (new president = Felipe Calderon) -by 2001, only major non-elected ruler in Latin America = Fidel Castro (now Raul Castro) of Cuba -HOWEVER, democratic elections do not always ensure true democratic government