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Map of Napoleon’s Empire, 1809 The Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 was the sale of 828,000 square miles of French territory to the United States for a total of $15 million. The Continental System Napoleon waged an economic war against Britain. He demanded a Europe-wide commercial boycott of Britain, called the "Continental System." The boycott created shortages in Europe, and was ineffective because of Britain’s extensive colonies. The British Empire at its height in 1897 spanned the globe. Napoleon Invaded Spain Spain refused to comply with the Continental System and allied itself with England. Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808 and replaced its king, Charles IV, with his own brother Joseph. Joseph Bonaparte Battle of Trafalgar In 1805 Napoleon wanted to invade England. The British navy, led by Admiral Lord Nelson, decisively defeated the French navy at the Battle of Trafalgar on October 21, ending Napoleon’s plans for invasion. Invasion of Russia In 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia. Unable to stop the advancing French army, the Russians used a "scorched earth" policy, burning all food and supplies behind them. The advancing French army was unable to obtain food from the land. The Long Retreat to France Alexander I ordered Moscow burned to the ground. Without food or supplies, Napoleon was forced to retreat to France. Sickness, starvation, and combat with the Russian army reduced his army to less than 10,000 men. Napoleon: "Of the fifty battles I have fought, the most terrible was that before Moscow. The French showed themselves to be worthy victors, and the Russians can rightly call themselves invincible." The Sixth Coalition The United Kingdom, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, Austria, Spain, Portugal and a number of German states formed the Sixth Coalition after Napoleon’s defeat in Russia. The Battle of the Nations at Leipzig Outnumbered two to one, Napoleon’s unprepared, poorly trained army was defeated With only 70,000 troops facing combined coalition forces of up to 500,000, Napoleon retreated further into France. Defeat at Leipzig Paris Falls, Napoleon Abdicates The Sixth Coalition entered Paris on March 31, 1814. Napoleon’s generals refused to lead his army into Paris. Napoleon surrendered throne unconditionally on April 11. He was exiled to the isle of Elba, retaining the title of emperor. Russian army in Paris Restoration of Louis XVIII The conquering nations restored the French Bourbon monarchy and placed Louis XVIII on the throne as king of France. The Hundred Days Napoleon left Elba and landed at Cannes on March 1, 1815. He raised an army of up to 200,000 Frenchmen to restore himself as emperor of France. The United Kingdom, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, Austria, the Netherlands and a number of German states formed the Seventh Coalition against Napoleon’s forces. This period is known as the Hundred Days and ended at the Battle of Waterloo. Prussia’s Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher and England’s Duke of Wellington defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. Defeat at Waterloo, Belgium Napoleon was defeated by the Duke of Wellington and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher at Waterloo on June 18, 1815. Exile and Death Napoleon was exiled to the remote island of St. Helena, 2000 miles off the coast of Africa in the Atlantic Ocean. He died on May 5, 1821. Cancer or Mystery? Napoleon's Legacy Revolutionary ideas were carried throughout Europe. Nationalism swept across the continent. Scorched Earth Policy becomes popular strategy. Napoleon abolished titles of nobility and weakened the European aristocracy. Napoleon ended the special privileges of the church. The United States gained vast territory through the Louisiana Purchase. The Congress of Vienna •The Congress of Vienna • Peace meetings in Austria •Purpose: to create a new European order of security & stability •“Great Powers:” Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, France • Austria, Prince Klemens von Metternich, very influential • GOALS • Balance of Power: no country could overpower another, including France • Prevent French aggression by surrounding it with strong countries • Restore Europe’s royal families to throneslegitimacy •Successful: 1st time an entire continent cooperated to find peace • Actions of Congress of Vienna & Concert of Europe Actions – Austrian Netherlands & Dutch Republic=Kingdom of the Netherlands – 39 German states joined to make German Confederation controlled by Austria – Switzerland recognized as independent nation – And more… • Concert of Europe (Metternich): nations would help each other if revolutions broke out • Too late – Ideas of the Enlightenment, revolution, & democracy had already spread throughout Europe (thanks Napoleon ) – Nationalism (loyalty to your country, not king) spread – Many more people around world revolt & declare independence Legacy Congress of Vienna • Short term – created time of peace in Europe that lasts 40 years • Long Term – Congress of Vienna influences world politics for next 100 yrs – Countries attempt to keep balance of power by putting certain countries under foreign control • Spreads Nationalism (loyalty to your country) • Explodes into many more revolutions