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T e s t R e v i e w nd 2 IR and “Mass Society,” Modernity, “New Imperialism,” Great War, & Russian Revolution nd “2 Industrial Revolution” & “Mass Society” British inventor of the light bulb Joseph Swan Building on the insights of Tesla, he first sent radio waves across the Atlantic in 1901 Marconi Popularized by the American Frederick Winslow Taylor, these were principles that sought to maximize worker inefficiency (or alienation as Marx would say) Scientific management (Taylorism) My invention of the light engine was a key development for the automobile industry Gottlieb Daimler I revolutionized the automobile industry with the mass-produced Model-T Henry Ford A combination of independent commercial enterprises that work together to control prices and limit competition. Cartel Probably the most powerful working class party (German) in late 19th century Europe (and who would be the target of many of Bismarck’s domestic policies) SDP—Social Democratic Party A society in which the concerns of the majority—the lower classes—play a prominent role; characterized by extension of voting rights, an improved standard of living for the lower classes, and mass education. Mass society I favored evolutionary, not revolutionary, socialism and understood expanded suffrage could peacefully help realize socialist aims Eduard Bernstein This movement thrived in less industrialized and less democratic countries where ordinary people could see no hope of peaceful political change; a movement that in the late 19th century became associated with fanaticism and assassination Anarchism These groups, often allied with socialist parties, worked for better wages, benefits, and working conditions (via collective bargaining); typical tactics included the strike and boycott Trade unions List some reasons for the population explosion of late 19th century Europe (ca. 1850-1910) Improved sanitation (water and sewage) Vaccination programs Improved diet → better nutrition/food hygiene Industrialization + Population Explosion = Urbanization/Suburbanization/Immigration Industrialization + Urbanization = Proletarianization (working class consciousness) This social effect of the second Industrial Revolution was facilitated by the emergence of cheap, modern transportation like commuter trains Suburbanization In 1882, I founded first birth control clinic in Amsterdam Dr. Aletta Jacob List several examples of “mass leisure” in the late 19th century Dance halls, amusement parks, professional sports, tourism (“weekend” travel), shopping at department stores The notion that ministers of government were responsible to the parliament and not the monarch (Germany did not have it and it cost Bismarck his job!) Ministerial responsibility British parliamentarian laws that extended suffrage in the 19th century Reform Acts Liberal PM whose sponsorship of the Reform Act of 1884 gave the vote to all men who paid regular rents or taxes Gladstone British laws that gave authorities the right to examine prostitutes for venereal disease and the right to send those prostitutes found to be infected to lock hospitals Contagious Diseases Acts French government brought to power by the Constitution of 1875; lasted until 1940 French Third Republic Famous Daytonians who made the first flight in a fixed-wing plane powered by a gasoline engine in 1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright A new technique employed by businesses (who relied on social psychologists) to help sell the consumer goods made possible by the development of the steel and electrical industries Mass marketing International Labor Day May 1st 1890 Parliamentarian law that authorized local town councils to collect new taxes and construct cheap housing for the working classes British Housing Act One of the most notable effects of “mass education” was rising levels of this; the ability to read Literacy Leader of the “shrieking sisters” Josephine Butler Mass forms of this “culture” included newspapers, magazines, and pulp fiction Print Despite the new job opportunities for women in the late 19th century, many lowerclass women were forced into this profession to survive Prostitution Working class organizations during the late 19th century tended to support this “cult” as it could help address the increasing shortage of factory jobs Domesticity Increased competition for foreign markets and the growing importance of domestic demand in the latter 19th century led to a reaction against free trade and support for these kinds of measures, which were antilaissez-faire Protectionist Essential to the public health of the modern European city was the ability to bring clean water into the city and to expel _________ from it Sewage Where the vast array of new consumer products were brought together in a single place Department stores “_____ that you might preserve”— British statesman Thomas Macaulay Reform From approximately 1850 to 1930, probably 60 million Europeans left Europe largely for economic and “minority” status issues. What is this phenomena called? Mass emigration Unpopular series of measures Bismarck took against the Roman Catholic Church as he distrusted their loyalty to the new German state; has come to refer to conflict between church and state anywhere Kulturkampf In industrial development after 1870, it began to replace iron Steel British founder of the Boy Scouts, a “middle class” organization tied to sport, patriotism, discipline, adventure, selfsacrifice, and character building Robert Baden-Powell In wake of the Franco-Prussian war, group of radical republicans that formed an independent republican government in Paris that was later crushed by the National Assembly (and that widened the split between the middle and working classes) Paris Commune Unpopular program of Alexander III that among other things forced the numerous nationalities of the Russian Empire to only teach Russian in schools Russification Period from roughly 1895 to the beginning of the Great War in 1914 that many viewed as an economic boom and an age of increasing prosperity La Belle Époque The primary instrument of terror for anarchist revolutionaries during the late 19th and early 20th centuries Assassination Government programs that provided social welfare measures such as old-age pensions and sickness, accident, and disability insurance; first spearheaded by Bismarck Social security It was facilitated by precision tool making and undergirded the evolution of the assembly line Interchangeable parts Group of radical Parisian republicans who established an independent government in Paris after the French people, by universal male suffrage, had voted the monarchists to power in the new National Assembly after the fall of the Second Empire Paris Commune This 1875 parliamentarian law mandated that newly constructed buildings have running water and an internal drainage system Public Health Act This major new form of energy proved to be of great value since it could be easily converted into other forms of energy, such as heat, light, and motion, and moved relatively effortlessly through space over wires Electricity Modernity & “New Imperialism” According to a popular phrase the sun never sets on the… British Empire He wrote, “Take up the White Man’s Burden…” Rudyard Kipling Feminist peace advocate whose Lay Down Your Arms earned her the Nobel Prize in 1905 Bertha von Suttner The devastating potential of the machine gun was unveiled at this battle between the Sudanese and British in 1898 Battle of Omdurman Nietzsche’s “litmus test” for authenticity Eternal recurrence His uncertainty principle was unsettling to many in that it proposed that uncertainty was at the root of all physical laws Heisenberg Belgian king and notoriously brutal colonizer of the central African region of the Congo King Leopold II Technical term for painting outdoors so as to observe nature directly; practiced by many Impressionists and Realists En plein air The name given to the transformation of Japan into a Western-style military and industrial power Meiji Restoration Policy whereby the great European powers and the United States and Japan agreed not to restrict the commerce of the other countries in its economic “sphere of influence” in China Open door policy The application of Darwin’s principle of organic evolution to the social order Social Darwinism For Nietzsche, the primitive drive that controls our cognitive life Will to power Nietzsche’s epistemological position in which there cannot be any uninterpreted “facts” or “truths,” because everything we encounter is seen from one perspective or another Perspectivism A key figure in the growth of political Zionism, his The Jewish State argued for the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine Theodor Herzl Leader of the British suffragette movement in the early 20th century Emmeline Pankhurst The “talking cure” Psychoanalysis For Freud, the center of unconscious drives and ruled by the pleasure principle Id The infant’s craving for exclusive possession of the parent of the opposite sex (for females); opposite of the Oedipus complex Electra complex In classical physics, matter was thought to be composed of indivisible and solid material bodies called _____ atoms The notion—which partially fueled the “new” imperialism—that Europeans had a moral responsibility to civilize ignorant peoples White Man’s Burden For Freud, a process by which unsettling experiences were blotted from conscious awareness but still continued to influence behavior because they had become part of the unconscious Repression British advocate of colonialism who championed a policy of expansion that would link British colonies from Cairo to Cape Town Cecil Rhodes By 1914, besides Liberia (backed by the US government), the only free, independent African state Ethiopia (Abyssinia) For Freud, the royal road to the unconscious Dreams Technical Nietzschean name for the “masters” or the “psychologically strong” or “superior intellectuals” that will have the courage to embrace their subjectivity and forge and live by their own moral code Übermenschen Russian composer of the Rite of Spring (1913) who sought a new understanding of irrational forces in his music; his music is known for its pulsating rhythms and sharp dissonances Igor Stravinsky Papal bull issued by Pope Pius IX in 1864 that condemned nationalism, socialism, religious toleration, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press Syllabus of Errors (Syllabus Errorum) The most popular exponent of Social Darwinism and author of Social Statistics, which argued that societies were organisms that evolved through time from a struggle with their environment Herbert Spencer Infamous episode of anti-Semitism in late nineteenth century France in which a Jewish captain in the French general staff was convicted on trumped up charges because he was a Jew (reminiscent of the Calas Affair in 18th century France) Dreyfus Affair Papal bull issued by Pope Leo XIII in 1891 that was perceived as a compromise to modern ideas; in particular, it condemned “naked” capitalism and urged Catholics to form socialist parties and labor unions of their own to help the laboring classes De Rerum Novarum Throughout much of the 19th century, Westerners adhered to the _____ conception of the universe postulated by the classical physics of Isaac Newton Mechanical For Freud, the name given to the former experiences and inner drives of which people are largely oblivious and which strongly determine human behavior Unconscious Artistic movement began by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque that used geometric designs as visual stimuli to re-create reality in the viewer’s mind Cubism Developments in this field in the 1830s led many artists away from visual realism Photography The revival of imperialism after 1880 in which European nations established colonies throughout much of Asia and Africa “New” Imperialism Literary movement that in many ways was a continuation of realism, but generally was pessimistic about Europe’s future and often portrayed characters caught in the grip of forces beyond their control; key writers include Émile Zola, Leo Tolstoy, and Fyodor Dostoyevsky Naturalism Group founded by William Booth in 1865 that established food centers and homeless shelters for the working-class poor Salvation Army Jewish nationalism Zionism Russian finance minister who spearhead state-sponsored industrialism from 1892-1903 Sergei Witte Those who sought to maintain indigenous cultural traditions in the face of the new imperialism Traditionalists Those who thought that adoption of Western ways would enable indigenous cultures to reform their societies and eventually challenge Western rule Modernizers For Freud, the seat of reason and the coordinator of the inner life that was governed by the reality principle Ego Feminist martyr that was killed at the Epsom Derby race in 1913 Emily Davison One of the chief volkish propagandists whose The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century argued that Germans were the only pure successors of the Aryans (who were portrayed as the true and original creators of Western culture) Houston Stewart Chamberlain Developed by the French in 1869, it linked the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea Suez Canal According to Max Planck, the name of the irregular packets of discontinuously radiated energy (as opposed to steady stream of radiated energy) Quanta Ultimately abortive outburst of violence in 1900-1901, led by the Society of Harmonious Fists, which tried to push foreigners out of China Boxer Rebellion “_____ is dead”—Friedrich Nietzsche (for him, this is not a metaphysical proposition, but rather the growing realization that this ideology [Christianity] was no longer a live, cultural force in Western culture) God The Curies (Marie and Pierre) work with radium demonstrated that atoms were not simply hard, material bodies but small worlds containing such _____ particles as electrons and protons that behaved in seemingly random and inexplicable fashion subatomic For Freud, the locus of the conscience; represented the inhibitions and moral values that society in general and parents in particular imposed upon people Superego Theory proposed by Albert Einstein that maintains that space and time are not absolute, but relative to the observer, and both are interwoven into a four-dimensional space-time continuum Relativity 19th century French scholar who championed the “higher criticism”— applying critical principles to the Bible Ernst Renan British gradualists Fabians A territory or region over which an outside nation exercises political or economic influence Sphere of influence Great War & Russian Revolution Collective name of German, Austrian, Bulgarian, and Ottoman forces Central Powers Pandemic during 1918 that killed over twenty million worldwide Spanish flu This “Red Baron” was the most wellknown fighter pilot of the Great War Manfred von Richthofen Russian legislature Duma Wartime governments made active use of _____ to arouse enthusiasm for the war propaganda The name Lenin gave to the small group of well-disciplined professional revolutionaries that would accomplish the violent overthrow of the Provisional Government Vanguard Plan devised by a German general in the last decade of the 19th century that called for a minimal troop deployment against Russia while most of the German army would make a rapid invasion of northeastern France by way of neutral Belgium Schlieffen Plan Issued by Nicholas II after the disastrous Bloody Sunday Revolt, it granted Russians civil liberties and agreed to create a legislative assembly October Manifesto The “powder keg of Europe” Balkans Allied war treaty signed with Germany Treaty of Versailles Treaty that pulled Russia out of the Great War, though at a cost of nearly a quarter of their land Brest-Litovsk British officer (nickname) that incited Arab princes to revolt against Ottoman rule in the Middle East Lawrence of Arabia (T.E. Lawrence) Name for Lenin’s blueprint for revolutionary action “April Theses” Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, which declared Germany and Austria were responsible for starting the war and ordered Germany to pay reparations War Guilt Clause Small faction of Russian Social Democrats (led by Lenin) that called for a violent revolution Bolsheviks System established after WWI whereby a nation officially administered a territory on behalf of the League of Nations; for instance, France administered Lebanon and Syria, Britain administered Iraq and Palestine Mandate Bosnian city in which on June 28, 1914, the heir to the Austrian throne, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated Sarajevo The peace settlement approach championed by Woodrow Wilson that advocated a spirit of forgiveness toward Germany and a just division of territory Peace of Justice British law that not only allowed for the arresting of war dissenters as traitors, but also authorized public officials to censor newspapers and even suspend publication; particular example of how wartime governments responded to war opposition Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) Nickname of the dangerous territory between opposing trenches No Man’s Land The Red secret police that instituted revolutionary “Red Terror” Cheka The German offensive at Verdun and the French offensive on the _____ (both in 1916) demonstrated the futility of trench warfare Somme Nickname of the Bolshevik army Red Army Perhaps the most famous of the Russian revolutionary slogans “Peace, land, and bread” 19th century German military theorist whose “mass” style of fighting proved obsolete in a world of mechanized warfare von Clausewitz British passenger ship infamously targeted by the German policy of unrestricted submarine warfare that not only cost 100 Americans their lives, but was used as a rallying point for American entry into the war Lusitania Name of the peaceful protest staged at the tsar’s Winter Palace in opposition to the Russo-Japanese War that resulted in bloodshed initiated by the tsar’s troops Bloody Sunday Revolt (1905) German author of All Quiet on the Western Front Erich Maria Remarque Based on a speech given by President Wilson in 1918, these broad principles supported ideas such as free trade, open agreements, democracy, and self-determination Fourteen Points Included the nationalization of the banks in Russia and most industries, the forcible requisition of grain from peasants, and the centralization of state administration under Bolshevik control War communism The assassin of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophia Gavrilo Princip The German assurance given to AustriaHungary in the wake of the assassination of the Archduke that pledged “full support” to whatever retaliatory actions Austria-Hungary would take against Serbia, including war “Blank check” Nickname of the leaders of the chief victorious Allied powers that included Great Britain, France, the USA, and Italy Big Four (Lloyd George, Clemenceau, Wilson, and Orlando) General name for those nations that fought alongside the original Triple Entente Allies Russian name for councils of workers and soldiers deputies who represented the more radical interests of the lower classes and were largely composed of socialists of various kinds Soviets The harsh peace settlement approach taken by Great Britain and France toward defeated Germany “Peace of Vengeance” Nickname of that terrifying moment when soldiers, usually alerted by a whistle, were instructed to abandon their trench and attack the opposing trench Go “over the top” Foreign policy goal of Bismarck in which Germany would never find itself in a minority of two among the five great powers of Europe (GB, France, Germany, A-H, and Russia) Three-power rule British warship that was the envy of the world with its all “big gun” armament, steel armor, and steam turbine power Dreadnought Famous mutiny of the German navy at the tail end of the war after which Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated Kiel Pre-war alliance between Britain, France, and Russia Triple Entente The Serbian terrorist organization dedicated to the creation of a pan-Slavic kingdom Black Hand (Union or Death) British naval goal in which their navy would be on par with the two biggest combined navies in Europe Two-power rule Nickname for those who were killed during the war and for those that survived it (because of the hopelessness and despair that followed) “Lost Generation” Psychological disorder that was an unfortunate but common result of the “rain of shells” by artillery such as the German “Big Bertha” “Shell shock” For women in post-war Western Europe, the most tangible gain was _____, or the right to vote suffrage The Siberian “mad monk” that increasingly exerted influence over Alexandra and Nicholas II, much to the detriment of the public perception of the Romanov dynasty Rasputin Lenin’s right hand man and leader of the Red Army Leon Trotsky Russian policy during the civil war that included the nationalization of banks and most industries, the forcible requisition of grain from peasants, and the centralization of state administration under Bolshevik rule War communism Nickname of the anti-Bolshevik army that was comprised a several factions White Army As wartime governments moved away from free-market capitalism by experimenting with policies such as price controls, wage controls, rent controls, the rationing of food supplies and materials, the regulation of imports and exports, and the nationalization of transportation systems and industries, European nations had, in effect, moved toward _____ economies directed by government agencies planned The war (on the Western Front) turned into a _____ as neither the Germans nor the French/British could dislodge the other from the trenches they dug for shelter stalemate Signed on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month Armistice (Cease-fire) The growth of nationalism in the 19th century was problematic in that not all _____ groups had achieved the goal of nationhood (think of the minorities in the Balkans and AustrianHungarian Empire, the Irish, and the Poles) ethnic (the so-called “minorities” or “nationalities” problem) The glorification of armed strength and the ideals of war; the stockpiling of weapons Militarism Russian faction that wanted the Social Democrats to be a mass electoral socialist party based on a Western model and who were willing to cooperate temporarily in a parliamentary democracy while working toward the ultimate achievement of a socialist state (in short, Russian gradualists) Mensheviks By the Treaty of Versailles, what was to happen to the Rhineland Demilitarized Name given to the overthrow of the Russian Provisional government by the Bolsheviks November (October) Revolution Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government in the days before the November Revolution Alexander Kerensky Issued by the Petrograd Soviet in March 1917, it encouraged all Russian military forces to remove the existing officers and replace them with committees that represent the people—led to collapse of all military discipline and military chaos Army Order No. 1
