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•Europe at peace since Congress of Vienna. •But rivalries had been causing mistrust and hatred. Nationalism created tensions in Europe: 1. France and Germany •France wanted revenge for losing Franco-Prussian War. •Wanted lost territories back. NATIONALISM • Two types of nationalism contributed to WWI. 1) The first type was the tendency of the great powers to act out of national interest. 2) The second type occurred in countries with diverse populations. The longing of an ethnic minority for independence often led to violence. 2. Austria-Hungary and Italy •Italy gained Italian speaking lands that used to be part of A-H. 3. Minority groups in Austria-Hungary also wanted independence. • Slavs • Bohemians • Croatians • 14 Total 4. Naval rivalry - GB and Germany. •Germany builds up navy to challenge Britain. •GB naval policy was to have 2X as many ships as the second largest navy. 5. Colonial Rivalries added to tensions. •Compete for African & Asian colonies •Conference of Berlin - divides Africa into colonies & keeps peace for a while MILITARISM • Militarism is the policy of aggressively building up armed forces in preparation for war. • By the 1900’s diplomacy had taken a backseat to militarism • The military gained more influence. • The world powers of Europe all engaged in militarism. • All the endless planning for war made war much more likely. Military Buildup •Growing tensions force European’s to build up militaries in case of war. The Triple Alliance •Created by German Chancellor - Otto von Bismarck. •Goal: Isolate France so cant seek revenge from Franco-Prussian War. Members in the Triple Alliance: 1. Germany 2. AustriaHungary 3. Italy •Russia signs a separate treaty with Germany. •New German King William II forced Bismarck to resign. •He will allow treaty with Russia to expire. •France quickly signs treaty w/ Russia. •France needed ally because Germany had isolated it. •Russia need ally because angry at how A-H treating it’s Slavic minority. •Russian are ethnically Slavs. Members in the Triple Entente: 1. France 2. Russia 3. Great Britain •Great Britain joins because worried about Germany’s growing navy. How Alliance System Works: • If a country is attacked then alliance allies must come to your aid. Problems with Alliance System: 1. Increased tensions between European countries even more. 2. Made it possible for a minor conflict to erupt into an major war. The Spark That Leads To WWI •Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the heir to the A-H throne. •He made a visit to Sarajevo, Bosnia. PRELUDE TO WAR • On June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of AustriaHungary and his wife made a trip to Bosnia. • Bosnia was the capital of Sarajevo, which was a new province w/in Austria-Hungary. • That morning an attempt on Ferdinand’s life was made. • Still he attended the state ceremony that night and went to visit the injured officers. • Later that day he was shot to death by a second terrorist, Gavrilo Princip. • Princip was a Bosnian nationalist who believed Austria-Hungary had no right to rule Bosnia. • Little did he know his actions would serve to spark a world war. • The assasination of Ferdinand ignited what was WWI, known as the Great War at the time, but the main causes exisisted well before 1914. •Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by Gravilo Princip •Princip being taken to jail after the assassination. •He part of the Black Hand - terrorist group wanted Bosnia be part of Serbia. •A-H blames assassination on Serbia. • Funeral of Franz Ferdinand. THE WESTERN FRONT •German plan was to crush France quickly before can prepare for war. •Called Schlieffen Plan. •Goal: Avoid F defended border by attacking through neutral Belgium. THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN • The Germans had long prepared for this day. • Germany is between France and Russia. • To avoid being trapped they devised a plan known as the Schlieffen Plan to strike first. • The plan was to quickly take out the French and then concentrate on Russia. • The Germans quickly put the plan into action. • However, to reach France as quickly as possible they had to pass through Belgium. • GB was the protector of Belgium and on August 4th they stepped in much to the dismay of the Germans. • After only one week all of the great powers of Europe had been drawn into the conflict. • The two sides had been drawn. • The Central Powers vs. the Allies • Because of Schlieffen Plan Great Britain declares war on Germany. The Countries Fighting in WWI: •Central Powers: • Germany • Austria Hungary • Ottoman Empire • Allied Powers: • France • Russia • Great Britain Stalemate on Western Front •G conquered Belgium in 3 weeks & advanced toward Paris. •German offensive stalls at Battle of Marne River. •Schlieffen Plan is a failure. STALEMATE • Both sides felt confident in a quick victory. • Relatively equal in size and strength the two sides reached a stalemate. • A stalemate is a situation in which neither side is able to gain a sizable advantage. • A major contributor to the stalemate was trench warfare. • Trench warfare consisted of foxholes and/or elaborately dug trenches stretching for miles. Trench Warfare •Neither strong enough to win the war so it becomes a defensive trench warfare. • Soldiers dig network of trenches protected by barbwire and mines. • Neutral land in-between the trenches called - “No-Man’s Land.” • Wasteland of barbwire, mines, dead bodies, etc. Soldiers lives consisted of: 1.Living in muddy, rat infested trenches 2.When ordered “Over the Top” soldiers climb out of trenches, run across noman’s land, and attack the enemy trench. Attacking soldiers in No-Man’s Land. 3.Most offenses resulted in heavy losses and little territory gained. The Battle of Verdun A battlefield in Belgium. New Technology •New technology will kill large numbers of soldiers. 1.Machine Gun - Killed soldiers as raced across no-man’s land. Vickers Machine Gun 2. Modern Artillery - used 12 inch guns and had a range of 5-12 miles. 3.Poison Gas - Germany starts but later also used by allies. •All soldiers will be given gas masks. •Mustard Gas was feared because it blinded the men. 4. Tanks •First tanks were jeeps with a machine gun and protective armor. •Later tanks designed to move across trenches and barbed wire. 5. Aircraft •First used to observe enemy troop movements. •Later, machine guns added and planes battled in “dogfights”. German Aircraft British Aircraft 6. Submarine •GB quickly destroyed German’s surface navy and set up a blockade so no imports. •German’s use “U-Boat” - submarine to attack GB navy and supply ships. •Allies use convoys to protect against attacks. •Convoy - large group of merchant ships protected by warships. EASTERN FRONT •Eastern front not trench warfare. •Front lines went back and forth. • Countries fighting on Eastern Front: • Russia and Serbia. • Germany and Austria-Hungary. •Russia most men, but suffered from: 1. Lack supplies - 1/4 men no rifles. 2. Poor Leadership. • At first, the war well for Russia. •Then rest of war Russia suffered many defeats. • Turning point on the Eastern Front Battle of Tannenburg. • Germany & A-H took the offensive for rest of the war. Three-quarters of Russia’s troops either killed or wounded. • Bulgaria joins the Central Powers. • Germany, Bulgaria & A-H eliminate Serbia from the war. Italy joins the Allies •Secret treaty with the Allies promises Italy land in A-H if fight in war. • A new Southern Front is created. •Not much movement on this front. United States joins the Allies • Both Central and Allied Powers tried get USA join its side. •Both used Propaganda - spreading of ideas or beliefs that: 1. Further a countries cause. 2. Damage an opponents cause. Three reasons why US entered war: • US President during WWI Woodrow Wilson. • Looked like US remain neutral for entire war. 1.German sub sank British passenger liner Lusitania. •Germany claim cargo had Contraband - military supplies for British. •German government warned passengers of the danger. 2.Unrestricted Submarine Warfare. •G wants starve GB into surrender by sinking any ships near coastline. •Would even sink neutral nations. •Want defeat Allies before US enters war. 3. Zimmerman Telegram •Britain intercepts German telegram to Mexican government. •It said, if Mexico attacks US then G give back lands lost to US in Mexican Wars. •Germany wanted to keep US out of Europe by fighting Mexico. The End of the War Western Front: •US arrive in Europe brings relief to Britain and France. •G knows need win war quickly or will lose. •Attacked in three places, but Allies held due to new US troops. •Allies counterattacked using Biteand-Hold techniques. •Able to finally break G trenches causing G morale to collapse. •Many Germans deserted the army. Eastern & Southern Front: •A-H breaks apart when Czechoslovakia, Hungary, & Poland declare independence. •Bulgaria & Ottoman Empire surrender Revolution in Germany •While G trying to negotiate an Armistice - end to fighting a revolution overthrew Kaiser’s govt. •William II Abdicates the throne. •Newly formed Weimer Republic negotiates treaty with Allies. Peace Settlements •President Wilson attends peace meetings at Versailles, France. •He created a framework for peace The Fourteen Points. 1. Created the League of Nations. •Congress voted against US joining & eventually League of Nations will fail. 2. Outlawed warfare. • Only Allies were allowed to attend the peace conferences. • Goal of B and F was to punish G. • Allies wrote _____ different peace treaties - one each losing power. • Only Germany’s treaty is the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles •* = Parts Germany hated the most. 1.France regained territories of Alsace and Lorraine. 2.* Germany can’t keep military forces in the Rhineland Germany’s industrial area. 3. *Germany had admit complete responsibility for the war - “War Guilt Clause”. 4. *Germany forced to pay Reparations payment for war damages. •Sends G into debt destroying its economy & resulting in high inflation. 5. Germany lost all overseas colonies to the Allies. 6. Limited size of German military. •Not happen, German’s scuttle ships. 7. Required German navy to be turned over to Allies. 8.* Part of Germany taken to re-establish an independent Poland. •Some German speaking areas given Poland so can access sea - “Polish Corridor”. •Made Germany angry because cut country into two parts. •Weimer Republic refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles - felt too harsh. •Allies threaten restart war so sign treaty. •War ends June 28, 1919.