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The Great War:
1914-1918
Causes of World War I -
MANI--A
M ilitarism – policy of building up strong military forces to
prepare for war
A lliances - agreements between nations to aid and protect
one another
N ationalism – pride in or devotion to one’s country
I mperialism – when one country takes over another country
economically and politically
A ssassination – murder of Austrian Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
Nationalism
Imperialism
Alliances
Militarism
International Anarchy
NationalismPan-Slavism (unite all Slavic
peoples): The Balkans, 1914
The
“Powder Keg”
of Europe/
Causes of World War I - Nationalism
Pan-Slavism - movement to unify all of the Slavic people
Causes of World War I - Nationalism
Pan-Germanism - movement to unify the people of all
German speaking countries
Germanic Countries
Austria *
Belgium
Denmark
Iceland
Germany *
Liechtenstein *
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Sweden
Switzerland *
United Kingdom
* = German speaking country
Aggressive Nationalism
Causes of World War I - Imperialism
Causes of World War I - Imperialism
Imperialism:
European
conquest of
Africa
Causes of World War I – Alliances-map,
page
816
Triple Entente:
Triple Alliance:
Great Britain
Germany
France
Austria-Hungary
Tension
Russia
Italy
Order of International Crises leading to
the assassination!!
• European powers…before WWI confronted each other
in a series of diplomatic clashes that could have
resulted in war.
• Moroccan Crisis of 1905:
(also known as the Tangier Crisis) was the international
crisis over the international status of Morocco between
March 1905 and May 1906.
Kaiser Wilhelm II protested Fr. dominance of Morocco, a
Territory considered by the Fr. to be a private sphere of
Influence. Wilhelm II advocated Moroccan indep. & sent
a warship to the country.
Balkans Crisis of 1908-09
• The Balkan Crisis of 1908 was the Annexation of
Bosnia by Austria-Hungary despite the vocal
complaints from the Serbs who wanted the territory
with its 3 million Serbs. Map, pg. 820
• Russia sides with Serbia
• Crisis is checked when Germany joined Austria’s
cause & balanced
the Russian threat./
Second Moroccan Crisis 1911
• Also known as the Agadir Crisis, or the Panther
Sprung
• the international tension sparked by the
deployment of the German gunboat Panther, to
the Moroccan port of Agadir on July 1, 1911
Gunboat Panther on Agadir
harbor
First Balkan War 1912-13
• pitted the Balkan League (Serbia, Greece,
Montenegro and Bulgaria) against the Ottoman
Empire
Second Balkan War 1913
• Serbia(backed by Russia), Montenegro, Greece,
Rumania, & Turkey joined to defeat Bulgaria.
• This crisies brought Russia & Serbia closer together &
intensified the animosity of Russia & Serbia for the AH empire
Sarajevo, Bosnia – June 28, 1914
Causes of World War I - Assassination
Causes of World War I - Assassination
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie
Sarajevo, Bosnia - June 28th, 1914.
Causes of World War I - Assassination
Austrian
Archduke
Franz
Ferdinand
was killed in
Bosnia by a
Serbian
nationalist
who believed
that Bosnia
should belong
to Serbia.
The Assassination! June 28,
1914
Black Hand (Serbian: Црна рука,
Crna ruka), officially Unity or Death
Causes of World War I - Assassination
Gavrilo Princip after his
assassination of Austrian
Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Historical Artifact
• The blood stained
uniform of Archduke
Franz Ferdinand
COUNTRIES TAKE A SIDE
• Shocked Francis Joseph
blames Serbia, feels Serb
Gov’t knew of the plot
• Believed that Serbia wanted
south Slav empire
• Wanted to deal harshly with
the Serbs
• Needed German backing
first
• Kaiser Wilhelm II told Austria
that Germany would support
any action they saw fit
• Essentially giving Austria a
blank check to do anything.
AUSTRIA vs. SERBIA
• Austria sends Serbia a severe ultimatum or final set of
demands 7/23/14
• Serbia must end all anti-Austrian agitation and punish
and Serbian official involved in the murder.
• Dismiss all officials hostile to Austria-Hungary
• Allow Austrian officials into Serbia to investigate the
Archduke’s murder themselves
• Serbia agrees to all of the terms except the last, rejecting
it as an infringement on Serbian sovereignty.
• 7/28/14 Austria and declares war on the Serbs—1 Month
after the assassination!!
“Blank Check”
• Germany issues “blank check” to Austria
• Will back her up no matter what course they take
• Serbia agree’s to most terms but wants to
negotiate others
• A-Hungaryabsolutely not!
• July 28, 1914 Austria declares war on Serbia!!
The Point of No Return:
The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and declared war
on Serbia.
Germany pledged their support for Austria -Hungary.
· example of Pan-German nationalism
Russia pledged their support for Serbia.
· example of Pan-Slavic nationalism
The Point of No Return:
The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Germany declares war on Russia.
France pledges their support for Russia.
Germany declares war on France.
Germany invades Belgium on the way to France.
Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on Germany.
The Major Players: 1914-17
Allied Powers:
Central
Powers:
Nicholas II
[Rus]
Wilhelm II [Ger]
George V [Br]
Victor Emmanuel
II [It]
Enver Pasha
[Turkey]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Franz Josef [A-H]
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Germany
Great Britain
France
Austria-Hungary
World War I
Russia
Ottoman Empire
Italy
July 28, 1914 – Austria-Hungary
declared war on Serbia
July 30, 1914 – Russia prepared
to defend Serbia
August 1, 1914 – Germany
declares war on Russia
August 3, 1914 – Germany declared
war on France
August 3, 1914 – Germany invaded
neutral Belgium
August 4, 1914 – British declared
war on Germany
WWI: A “FAMILY AFFAIR”
• many of the European monarchies - many of which fell
during the war (including those of Russia, Germany
and Austria-Hungary) - were inter-related
• The British monarch George V's predecessor, Edward
VII, was the German Kaiser's uncle and, via his wife's
sister, uncle of the Russian Tsar as well. His niece,
Alexandra, was the Tsar's wife. Edward's daughter,
Maud, was the Norwegian Queen, and his niece, Ena,
Queen of Spain; Marie, a further niece, was to
become Queen of Romania./
Lecture 2: Course of the war
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Schlieffen Plan
Maginot Line
Trench Warfare
New Kind of War
“Total War”
Slaughter
Battles/
“The lamps are going out all
over Europe; we shall not see lit
again in our lifetime.”
British Foreign Minister Edward Grey
What does this mean?
Schlieffen Plan
Maginot Line
After André Maginot (1877-1932), French Minister
of War
The Maginot Line was a line of concrete and steel
defenses that stretched between Luxembourg
and Switzerland along France's border with
Germany
How effective was it?????
Maginot Line
Legacy of the “line”
• Considered one of the great failures of the war
• Metaphor for someting that is relied upon
despite being ineffectual
STRATEGIES
TRENCH WARFARE
In trench warfare both armies
could fight from fortified
positions. It was a slow form of
combat with heavy reliance on
defense. The soldiers built
complex trench and dugout
systems and stocked them with
weapons. Barbed wire
protected the trenches. The
space between opposing
armies’ trenches was “no
man’s land.” Attacks almost
always resulted in injury and
death for the attacking
The Horror’s of Trench warfare
• Confined to the western front in WWI
• It has become a byword for stalemate in
conflict, with a slow wearing down of opposing
forces
• Trenches & dugouts opposed each other,
protected by barbed wire
• “no man’s land-” land in between; not occupied!
• One reason the war dragged on for 4 years!
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare – type of fighting during World War I in
which both sides dug trenches protected by mines and barbed
wire; on the Western Front!
Cross-section of a front-line trench
British trench, France, July 1916
(during the Battle of the Somme)
French soldiers firing over their own dead
All Quiet on the Western Front – trench warfare (9:27)
An aerial
photograph of the
opposing trenches
and no-man's land
in Artois, France,
July 22, 1917.
German trenches
are at the right and
bottom, British
trenches are at the
top left. The
vertical line to the
left of centre
indicates the
course of a pre-war
road.
Officers walking through a flooded communication trench.
A photograph of a man suffering from trench foot.
Soldiers digging trenches while protected against gas attacks
War Is HELL !!
Trench Rats
Many men killed in the trenches were buried almost where
they fell. These corpses, as well as the food scraps that littered
the trenches, attracted rats.
Quotes from soldiers fighting in the trenches:
"The rats were huge. They were so big they would eat a
wounded man if he couldn't defend himself."
"I saw some rats running from under the dead men's
greatcoats, enormous rats, fat with human flesh. My heart
pounded as we edged towards one of the bodies. His helmet
had rolled off. The man displayed a grimacing face, stripped
of flesh; the skull bare, the eyes devoured and from the
yawning mouth leapt a rat."
Rats
Schematic Illustration of trenches from a French
magazine.
German trenches
All is Quiet on the Western Front
Film Released 1930
• All Quiet on the Western Front
is a novel by Erich Maria
Remarque, a German veteran of
World War I, who experienced
trench warfare first-hand, wrote
about the horrors of that war and
also the deep detachment from
German civilian life felt by many
men returning from the front. The
book was first published in
German as Im Westen nichts
Neues in January 1929.
Weapons of War
WORLD WAR 1 WAS THE FIRST MODERN WAR.
THERE WERE MANY DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF
BATTLE EQUIPMENT. THERE WERE MANY TYPES
OF NEW, DIFFERENT KINDS OF GUNS SUCH AS ,
MACHINE GUNS, LEBELM1866.THERE WERE NEW
WAYS OF BATTLE TECHNOLOGY SUCH AS TANKS
,PLANES AND EXPLOSIVES. THESE NEW
TECHNOLOGIES WERE WAYS THAT MADE WW 1
THE FIRST MODERN WAR.
New Weapons of War
Poisonous Gas
Tanks
Airplanes
•
German military
scientists
experimented with
gas as a weapon.
• Both sides used
planes to map and
to attack trenches
from above.
•
Gas in battle was
risky: Soldiers didn’t
know how much to
use, and wind
changes could
backfire the gas.
• When soldiers
began to carry gas
masks, they still
faced a stalemate.
• British forces soon
developed armored
tanks to move into
no-man’s-land.
•
Then Germans threw
canisters of gas into
the Allies’ trenches.
• These tanks had
limited success
because many got
stuck in the mud.
•
Many regretted using
gas, but British and
French forces began
using it too, to keep
things even.
• Germans soon
found ways to
destroy the tanks
with artillery fire.
• Planes first
dropped brinks and
heavy objects on
enemy troops.
• Soon they
mounted guns and
bombs on planes.
• Skilled pilots
sought in air
battles called
dogfights.
• The German Red
Baron downed 80
Allied planes, until
he was shot down.
WEAPONS
land
ship/tank
hand grenade
poison gas
submarine
biplane
CICERO © 2008
barbed wire
Maxim machine
gun
Rifle
the main weapon used by British soldiers in the
trenches was the bolt-action rifle. 15 rounds
could be fired in a minute and a person 1,400
metres away could be killed.
Machine Guns
• Machine guns
needed 4-6 men to
work them and had to
be on a flat surface.
They had the firepower of 100 guns.
• Could fire anywhere
from 400 to 600
rounds per minute.
• Overheated and
jammed easily. Had
to be cooled with
water or later with air.
Machine Guns
Gernades
Flamethrowers
Periscope Rifle
Poison gas
• There types were
used:
– Chlorine- used at the
Battle of Ypres in 1915
killing thousands.
– Phosgene
– Mustard- burned the
lungs of the inhaler
leaving them to die in
agony.
Gas
The German army were the first to use chlorine gas at the battle of Ypres in
1915. Chlorine gas causes a burning sensation in the throat and chest pains.
Death is painful - you suffocate! The problem with chlorine gas is that the
weather must be right. If the wind is in the wrong direction it could end up killing
your own troops rather than the enemy.
Mustard gas was the most deadly weapon used. It was fired into the trenches
in shells. It is colourless and takes 12 hours to take effect. Effects include:
blistering skin, vomiting, sore eyes, internal and external bleeding. Death can
take up to 5 weeks.
Phosphorus Grenade Exploding
Artillery
• These were the new
versions of cannons. Never
in the history of man were
so many cannons used,
than in WW1.
• Germans developed a
stronger artillery nicknamed
“Big Bertha”
• It could fire a shot at Paris
from 120 km away.
• Improved shells that would
explode with tiny pellets.
French 120mm guns
Advent of the Tank
Tanks were used for the first time in the First World War
at the Battle of the Somme. They were developed to
cope with the conditions on the Western Front. The first
tank was called 'Little Willie' and needed a crew of 3. Its
maximum speed was 3mph and it could not cross
trenches.
The more modern tank was not developed until just
before the end of the war. It could carry 10 men, had a
revolving turret and could reach 4mph.
Tanks
• Tanks were known as
“Chariots of God”
• The first tanks were giant
blocks of metal and would
carry 1 to 2 people at
speeds of 3-4 mph.
• Scientist worked on this and
by 1918 had developed a
tank that would carry 8 men
and fire 208 shells and
13,000 bullets.
• These tanks were not
reliable.
French Renault PT-17 tank
Original British tank prototype "Little
Willie"
British Mark I tank
German A7V tank
Planes
• New types of weapons use
in advanced warfare.
• Had everything from mini
scout planes to huge
zeppelins.
• At first they were used to
deliver bombs and for
spying work but became
fighter aircraft armed with
machine guns, bombs and
some times cannons. Fights
between two planes in the
sky became known as
'dogfights'
• The Zeppelin, also known
as blimp, was an airship
that was used during the
early part of the war in
bombing raids by the
Germans. They carried
machine guns and bombs.
However, they were
abandoned because they
were easy to shoot out of
the sky.
Planes
Planes were also used for the first time. At first they
were used to deliver bombs and for spying work but
became fighter aircraft armed with machine guns,
bombs and some times cannons. Fights between two
planes in the sky became known as 'dogfights'
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie
Rickenbacher,
US
Francesco
Barraco, It.
Eddie “Mick”
Mannoch, Br.
Willy Coppens
de
Holthust, Belg.
Rene Pauk
Fonck, Fr.
Manfred von
Richtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red
Baron”]
2 Famous Flying Aces
Manfred von Richthofen better known as
the Red Baron.
likely the most famous flying ace of all time
This German fighter scored the most kills.
Richthofen was killed just after 11 a.m. on
21 April 1918, while flying over Morlancourt
Ridge, near the Somme River. Richthofen
was hit by a single .303 bullet…then a
crash landing.
Controversy and contradictory hypotheses
continue to surround the identity of the
person who fired the shot that actually
killed Richthofen.
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
2nd Famous Flying Ace
•Eddie Rickenbacker
•American fighter ace in WWI & Medal of Honor
receipient
•American "Ace of Aces." He recorded 26 official
victories against German aircraft during World
War I
•pioneer in air transportation, particularly as the
longtime head of Eastern Air Lines
• In 1995, the United States Postal Service
issued a postage stamp in honor of
Rickenbacker's accomplishments as an aviation
pioneer
•He died in 1973, the same year he published
Fighting the Flying Circus(Rickenbacker's
account of the airwar during World War 1).
Naval Units
• British specialized in
battleships
• Germans specialized in
submarines also called
U-boats.
• The primary weapon of a
U-boat was a torpedo,
self propelled under water
missiles.
• The Germans had 375 UBoats in WW1.
U-boats
Torpedoes were used by submarines(U-boats).
The Germans used torpedoes to blow up ships
carrying supplies from America to Britain.
Terms
• Total war
War activities which involved mass civilian populations
that require rationing, employing both men & women
in war industry, exciting society with propaganda
• Victory gardens:
vegetable, fruit & herb plants planted at private
residences in US, Canada, & Br. During WWI & WW
II.
• Slaughter
Describes extent of the killing, violence & destruction
Otto Dix: War
Battles
•
•
•
•
•
•
1st Battle of the Marne(Sept. 1914)
Battle of Verdun(Feb.-Dec. 1916)
Battle of Jutland(May-June 1916)
Battle of the Somme(1916)
2nd Battle of the Marne(Jul.-Aug. 1918)
REFER TO CLASS HANDOUT!
OBJECTIVES
ALLIED POWERS
The main objective of the Allied
Powers was to stop Germany and
the Central Powers’ attempts to
expand their land in Europe and
Asia. The American conflict with
Germany stemmed from
Germany’s violation of a neutrality
agreement when German
submarines attacked American
passenger ships.
CENTRAL POWERS
The main objective of the Central
Powers was to acquire as much
land as possible in Europe and
Asia. Germany believed France,
England, and Russia prevented
its expansion. Germany was
determined to expand its
borders.
Armenian Atrocities during WW Ipg. 826-827
• aka.,Armenian Holocaust, the Armenian
Massacres
• deliberate and systematic destruction (genocide)
of the Armenian population of the Ottoman
Empire during and just after World War
• one of the first modern genocides
• the second most-studied case of genocide after
the Holocaust
• starting date of the genocide is conventionally
held to be April 24, 1915
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent (omen) of Future Horrors to
Come!
Armenian Atrocities, con’t
• Ottoman military uprooted Armenians from their homes and
forced them to march for hundreds of miles, depriving them of
food and water, to the desert of what is now Syria.
• The Republic of Turkey, the successor state of the Ottoman
Empire, denies the word genocide is an accurate description of
the events
The remains of Armenians
massacred at Erzinjan-
Results
• Estimates vary between 300,000 (per the modern Turkish state)
to 1,500,000 (per modern Armenia, Argentina, and other
states). Encyclopædia Britannica references the research of
Arnold J. Toynbee, an intelligence officer of the British Foreign
Office, who estimated that 600,000 Armenians "died or were
massacred during deportation" in the years 1915–1916.
• The Republic of Turkey's formal stance is that the deaths of
Armenians during the "relocation" or "deportation" cannot aptly
be deemed "genocide," a position that has been supported with
a plethora of diverging justifications: that the killings were not
deliberate or were not governmentally orchestrated, that the
killings were justified because Armenians posed a Russiansympathizing threat
The Eastern Front of the War
• The Eastern Front was a theatre of war during
World War I in Central and, primarily, Eastern
Europe.
• In Russian sources, the war was sometimes
called the Second Fatherland War
• Started under Czar Nicholas II & will end with
the rise of Lenin and the collapse of The
Russian Empire, as Lenin will get Russian out
of the war(Treaty of Brest-Litovsk)
The Eastern Front
• Russian army moved into
Eastern Germany on
August 30, 1914
– Defeated
• The Austrians kicked out
of Serbia
• Italians attacked Austria
in 1915
• G. came to Austrian aid
and pushed Russians
back 300 miles into own
territory
The Eastern Front
• Much more mobile
more than the West
– But loss of life still very
high
– 1915: 2.5 million
Russians killed,
captured, or wounded
The Eastern Front
• Germany and Austria
Hungary joined by
Bulgaria in Sept. 1915
– Attacked and
eliminated Serbia from
war
THE TREATY OF
BREST-LITOVSK
Russians were weary of World War I and the
enormous sacrifices they endured. This
discontentment led to popular support of the
Bolshevik Party. Its leader, Vladimir Lenin,
promised that if he were elected to a position of
power, he would remove Russian forces from the
war. After winning the election in November 1917,
Lenin pursued an armistice with Germany. The
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, and Russia
was no longer a combatant nation. The treaty
granted the Central Powers control of territory
Vladimir Lenin was the that included Finland and the Baltic provinces.
leader of the Russian
Soviet Socialist Party.