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THE WORLD’S HISTORY
Fourth Edition
Chapter
18
Nationalism,
Imperialism,
and Resistance
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Nationalism, Imperialism and
Resistance
• French Revolution, Napoleon &
Nationalism
– French government based on contract with
the nation--a political group--not with a ruler
– French armies took their nationalism and
Code Napoleon on their European conquests
– European nationalism a response to French
dominance and French power
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Nationalism
• The Periphery of Western Europe
– Nationalism strongest on edges of Europe
– Two faces of nationalism
 Positive: Empowers masses of nation
 Negative: Leads to conflicts such as World War I
– Nationalism in Latin America was “top down”
– Canadian nationalism prevails over
regionalism
– U. S. nationalism tied to constitutional oath
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Nationalism
• Italy and Germany
– Neither unified before 1870
– Composed of culturally similar but politically
separate small states before 1870
– Regional leaders in both countries sought
unification to obtain national power
– Italy had common language and borders,
Germany not as well situated
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Nationalism
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Nationalism
• Italy and Germany [cont.]
– Giuseppe Mazzini provide vision for Italy
 Formed Young Italy in 1831
 Camillo Cavour provided political power and
alliances from Peidmont
 Garibaldi added Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
 Victor Emmanuel II leads unified Italy
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Nationalism
• Italy and Germany [cont.]
– Otto von Bismarck of Prussia unified Germany
– Strong cultural and economic basis for
country
 Unifying folklore from work of Grimm brothers
 Economic ties from 1828 zollverein (customs
union)
– Unification achieved by wars (“Blood & Iron”)
 Defeated Austria (1866) and France (1871)
 Southern German states voted to join
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Nationalism
• The Rise of Zionism
– The movement to create a Jewish state
– Success of European nationalism transform
prayer for Israel into a movement for it
– Nationalism prompts persecution of outsiders
 Dreyfus Affair leads to Jewish fears in Europe
– Theodore Herzl the founder and visionary
– Not all Jews supported the hope of Israel
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Quest for Empire
• Nationalism led to wars of unification and
willingness to control affairs of others to
benefit the “nation”
– British taxes on India took money out of
Indian economy for British home treasury
– British tariffs harsh on Indian textiles during
early industrialization
• Trade rivals for Britain by early 1800s
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Nationalism
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Nationalism
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Quest for Empire
• Fierce economic competition from US,
Germany and France
• Trade and the related desire to control
territory led to creation of empires
– By 1914: 85% of earth’s surface controlled by
Europe or nations of European ancestry
– Economics of nominally independent
countries under European control
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Quest for Empire
• Western European power based on “dual
revolutions” of political & industrial change
• Success led to belief in superiority over
those parts of the world that had not
achieved gains of the “dual revolutions”
• Attitude often carried racial overtones to
reinforce belief of superiority
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Quest for Empire
• The Ottoman Empire, 1829-76
– Was close to Europe and growing weaker as
demonstrated by Crimean War (1854-6)
– Social organization on the “millet system”
 People organized by religious group under
religious leader to enforce religious laws and
collect taxes in contrast to European practice of
unified people
 After Crimean defeat, the Ottomans pass
Humayun edict of 1856 with “equality under the
law”
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Quest for Empire
• Southeast Asia & Indonesia, 1795-1880
– Earlier colonial competition continues
 Britain claims Malaya & Burma
 France conquers Indochina by 1893
 Dutch take Indonesia and institute Kulturstelsel, an
exploitive agricultural system that made peasants
devote 1/5 of land to cash rather than personal
food crops
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Nationalism
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Nationalism
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Quest for Empire
• India, 1858-1914
– British defeat French for control of India, 1763
– British East India Company administers the
colony
 Increased tax collection & manipulated tariffs
 Indian economy structured for British benefit
– 1857 mutiny ends East India Company control
– Independence movement had to find balance
of positive and negative aspects of British rule
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Quest for Empire
• China, 1800-1914
– Manchus colonized extensively & felt
invulnerable in face of the West
– Internal problems from 1800
 Population growth but no government response
 Did possess production for export
 Opium supplied by West to pay for goods
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Quest for Empire
• China, 1800-1914 [cont.]
– The Opium Wars
 1839-42 war gains extraterritoriality for Britain
 Refusal to grant diplomatic recognition leads to
second war, 1856-60
 Taiping Rebellion (began 1850) one measure of
Chinese disorganization
 Weakness confirmed when Japan defeats China in
1894-5 war over Korea
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Quest for Empire
• China, 1800-1914 [cont.]
– The Boxer Rebellion, 1898-1900
 Boxers were nationalists seeking to drive
Europeans out of China
 Western victory results in more concessions from
China to the West
 Promoters of modernization in China opposed by
Empress Cixi who served as regent to emperor
• Sun Yat-sen leads nationalist revolt to end Manchu
dynasty in 1911
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Africa, 1652-1912
• South Africa, 1652-1910
– Dutch settlement in 1652
– British gain control from Napoleonic Wars
 Abolish slavery, 1834, but claim best land
 Restrict vote but pass Masters and Servants Act
– Dutch Boer Trek to avoid British customs
– Zulu War to resist British control
– South African importance less after Suez
opens
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Nationalism
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Nationalism
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Africa, 1652-1912
• Egypt, 1798-1882
– Muhammad Ali (1769-1849) controls Egypt
after French leave and Ottomans are
ineffective
– Expands Egyptian power to Sudan and Arabia
 Ali a moderate on religion but faces Wahabism
 Son Ismail agrees with French to build Suez Canal
– Modernization policy had mixed results
– Egyptian power underscores Ottoman
weakness
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Africa, 1652-1912
• Algeria, 1830-71
– Part of weakening Ottoman empire
– French attack Algeria as center of piracy in
1830 and then claim control of country
 Meet extensive resistance from Muslim
Brotherhood
– Numerous Europeans migrate to Algeria and
take best farmland
– European minority (13%) controls majority
Muslim population by 20th century
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Africa, 1652-1912
• Islamic Religious Revival
– Revival in Sahel region (edge of Sahara)
– West African revivals
 Uthman dan Fodio in Hausaland
 al-Hajj Umar in Massina
 Samori Toure on Niger River
– East Africa
 Muhammad Ahmed, a mahdi in Sudan
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Africa, 1652-1912
• Islamic Religious Revival [cont.]]
– Western Orientation in West Africa
 Sierra Leone a haven for freed slaves
 Liberia created by American Colonization Society
 New European export communities
• Cotton production on Niger River
• Europeans stay along coast while Africans maintain
inland contacts and production
• River transport with short stretches of railroad
 Europeans seek greater control from the 1880s
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Africa, 1652-1912
• Europeans & the Scramble for Africa
– Knowledge of Africa provided by exploration
 Needed for commerce, missions, & science
 Most famous is the Stanley-Livingston episode
– Berlin Conference of 1884 prevents open
competition among European powers
– African resistance to European claims met
with force
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Africa, 1652-1912
• Europeans & the Scramble for Africa [cont]
– Labor Issues: Coercion and Unionization
 1913 Native Lands Act excludes Africans from 87%
of South African land
 Need for miners in South African gold and diamond
mines leads to low pay and the break up of
families that can’t afford to move to the mines
 Trade union membership restricted to white
workers
 Race trumped free market capitalism and labor
solidarity
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Gender Relationships in
Colonization
• Sexual liaisons with local colonial women
ended with arrival of European women
– Create boundaries between Europeans &
locals
– European families claim role as models of
highest values of imperial country
– No female solidarity between local &
Europeans
– Some adoption of European models in colony
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Anti-Colonial Revolts, 1857-1914
• Benefits of empire (jobs, e.g.)
accompanied by resentment at
discrimination
• Colonials initially sought restoration of
idealized, independent past
• Later movements sought freedom within
setting of modern institutions
– Young Turks
– African National Congress (South Africa)
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Japan: From Isolation to Equality,
1867-1914
• The End of the Shogunate
– Japanese isolation ends with Commodore
Perry
– Regional leaders decide to remove Shogun-administered Japan in name of the emperor
and stood in way of modernization
– Meiji Restoration began as regional revolt &
ended with confiscation of Shogun’s land and
restoration of direct rule by the emperor
assisted by daimyo
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Japan: From Isolation to Equality,
1867-1914
• Policies of the Meiji Government
– Seek knowledge of world with two year tour
– Import advisors in industry & agricultural
– 130 foreigners in government by 1879
– Restructure Government
 Daimyo give lands to emperor & become
governors
 War with those who won’t
 Create western style army using German model
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Japan: From Isolation to Equality,
1867-1914
• Policies of the Meiji Government [cont.]
– Restructuring the Economy
 Revitalized agriculture yields landlord profits for
investment in commerce and industry
 Government finances early industrial ventures
– Urbanization
 Existing cities were regional capitals
 New cities combined old businesses and
entertainments with new westernized sectors
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Nationalism
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Japan: From Isolation to Equality,
1867-1914
• Policies of the Meiji Government [cont.]
– Cultural and Educational Change
 Westernization in fashion, calendar &
measurement
 Extensive study of western writings including Mill
and Spencer
 Centralized, compulsory education
• Ninety per cent of boys and girls attend school by 1905
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Japan: From Isolation to Equality,
1867-1914
• Policies of the Meiji Government [cont.]
– Gender Relations
 Restoration of emperor reinforced male control of
household
 Women & minors barred from political activities
 Women gain vote after World War II
 Women have few legal rights after 1898 Civil Code
 Goal of women’s education was to create “good
wives and wise mothers”
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Japan: From Isolation to Equality,
1867-1914
• Policies of the Meiji Governemnt [cont.]
– War, Colonialism & Equality in the Family of
Nations
 Seek control of tariffs--done by 1911
 Expansion into Korea & Manchuria makes Japan
dominant East Asian power
 Equality with Europe in 1902 alliance with Britain
 Defeat of Russia in 1905 underscores possession
of “great power” military
 Annex Korea, 1910
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Nationalism and Imperialism
• Nationalism instilled pride and hope but
also competition for resources & prestige
• Dual revolutions tie nations and peoples
more closely together
• Imperialism claim to benefit those
colonized but meet resentment
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.