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THE WORLD’S HISTORY
Fourth Edition
Chapter
20
World War II and the
Cold War
1937 - 1949
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
World War II and the Cold War
Portents of Disaster
• Economists predict disaster soon after
signing of Versailles Treaty
– Disruptions of food & coal supply
– Weight of reparation payments
• Poet William Butler Yeats points to cultural
sickness of Europe
• Onset of Depression ten years after treaty
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Contest of the “Isms”:
Fascism & Communism
• Italy
– Mussolini & followers unsuccessfully seek
electoral wins amidst post-war instability
– Fascist thugs then attack a variety of
nationalist enemies, declare a national
emergency and “March on Rome”
– Mussolini wins 1924 election with fraud
– Support from those who like society without
turmoil
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Contest of the “Isms”:
Fascism & Communism
• Germany
– Hitler was virulent racist before WWI
– Adopted Mussolini model for party after war
– Weimar government popular with no one
– France reinvades after 1923 reparations
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 Hitler attempts putsch to overthrow government
 Failure leads to jail and manifesto Mein Kampf
 Blames Jews for German misery
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Contest of the “Isms”:
Fascism & Communism
• Germany [cont.]
– Nazi party gains votes, 1928-32
– Hitler and Nazis asked to join ruling coalition
in 1933
 Elitist parties believed they could control Hitler
– Reichstag building burns but new elections
leave Nazis short of a majority
 Declares national emergency and turns thugs
loose to silence opponents and wins desired
majority
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Contest of the “Isms”:
Fascism & Communism
• Germany [cont.]
– Creation of totalitarian state includes
 propaganda and paramilitary organizations
 Racial “science” and worship of pre-Christian gods
– Citizens were intimidated but also attracted to
territorial expansion & return of German glory
– Germany and Italy proclaim “axis” in 1936
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Contest of the “Isms”:
Fascism & Communism
• Japan
– Japan was one of five great powers at
Versailles
 Gross national income grew 40% 1914-1918
 Advanced rapidly by leap-frogging technology
 Successfully maintained “dual economy”
– Food riots at end of war show vulnerability
 “Need” colonies for numerous resources
– Zaibatsu control economy by 1920s
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Contest of the “Isms”:
Fascism & Communism
• Japan [cont.]
– Path to democracy undermined by political
power of zaibatsu
– Constitution requires ministries of war and
navy to be in hands of the military
– Shinto emphasized divinity of emperor and
importance of samurai
– Military seeks to protect resource-poor nation
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Descent Toward War
• 1920s a time of peace (?)
– League of Nations serves as an annual forum
– Negotiated limits on navies at Washington
– Locarno modifies German debt payments
– Pact of Paris (1928) outlaws war
– Great Depression and relative ability of
communist and fascist nations to survive
while democracies struggle
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Descent Toward War
• Steps toward war in the 1930s
– Japanese seize Manchuria (1931)
 Establish Manchuria as puppet state (1932)
 Opposition at home silenced violently
– Italy invades Ethiopia (1935)
 League of Nations does not respond
– Civil War in Spain (1936)
– Japan invades China proper (1937)
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Descent Toward War
• Steps toward war in the 1930s [cont.]
– Germany rises under Hitler
 Withdraws from League of Nations (1933)
 Saar region forced into pro-German stance (1935)
 Rearming of Germany begins (1935)
 Militarization of Rhineland (1936)
 Formal seizure of Austria (1938)
 Takeover of Czechoslovakia (1938)
 Invasion of Poland (1939)
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Descent Toward War
• The Early Cost of War Technology
– National budgets reflect militarization of the
1930s
 Germany, Japan and USSR spend about 1/4 of
total national income on defense
 1938 70% of the Japanese national budget goes to
the military
– Aircraft production skyrockets
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
World War II
• The War in Europe, 1939-45
– “Phony War” to Spring, 1940--then blitzkieg of
Germans into France
– French fall followed by aerial assault on
Britain
– USSR-German non-aggression pact ended in
1941 with broad assault into Russia
– Germany directs attack to oil fields, 1942
– US neutral but implements Lend-Lease plan
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
World War II
• The War in the Pacific, 1937-42
– Severity of war seen in Rape of Nanjing & the
use of scorched earth tactics by Russia &
China
– Tripartite Pact forms “Axis Powers” (1940)
– US stays neutral but helpful until December
7th
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
World War II
• The War in the Pacific, 1937-42 [cont.]
– Churchill: Entry of US “seals” Axis fate
– Japanese spread rapidly after Pearl Harbor
– Japanese hopes fade--colonies can’t produce
enough for Japan to prosper
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
World War II
• Turning the tide, 1942-5
– Allied counter-offensive begins in 1942
– “2nd Front” for Russia deferred by West
– Role of “underground” symbolic not decisive
– Bombing of German cities begins (1943)
 Dresden hardest hit--necessity of attack debated
– Allied invasion of Sicily (1943)
– 2nd front opened on D-Day, June 6, 1944
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
World War II
• War in Asia & the Pacific, 1942-5
– 1st naval victory in Pacific--Midway Island
– Fire bombings of Japan begin (March, 1944)
– Atomic bombs end war amid controversy
about necessity of their use
 3 million Japanese die in the war
 1/4 of national assets were destroyed
 Industrial production 10% of pre-war levels
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
World War II
• Assessing the Results of War
– “Total War” meant 50 million dead including
30 million civilians
– Japanese model taught Asian colonies that
resistance was not futile
• Technology in the War
– Victory tied to ability of victors to produce
more goods in their factories
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
World War II
• Women and the War
– Mobilization of women in World War II varied
by country
 Hitler & Mussolini offered women “emancipation
from emancipation”
 “Rose the Riveter” symbol of women workers in
US
– Return of soldiers brought pressure on
women to give up their factory jobs
 Laid groundwork for “new feminism”
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
World War II
• Horrors of War
– Holocaust and atomic warfare
 Genocide built on anti-Semitism to seek obliteration
of a people
 Atomic bomb was a new, higher level of destructive
power in world history
• Necessity of dropping the bombs remains controversial
today.
– Racist?
– Saved lives?
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Image of Humanity
• World War challenged idea of West as
region of progress through rationalism
– Gandhi
– Freud
– Picasso
– Eliot
– Wiesel
– Japanese Peace Memorials
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
United Nations, Postwar Recovery &
Origins of Cold War
• The United Nations
– Goal: “to save succeeding generations from
the scourge of war”
– General assembly gives every nation a voice
– Security Council can dispatch peace keepers
– Other organizations provide variety of
humanitarian services
– Founded 1945 by 50 countries
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
United Nations, Postwar Recovery &
Origins of Cold War
• Resettlement
– Millions of individuals, displaced by war, had
to be returned to their home nations
 Surrendered/captured soldiers were far from home
 Civilians had followed armies, settled new lands or
fled in the face of war
– US developed GI Bill of Rights to ease return
of soldiers to civilian life and to reward them
for their service
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
United Nations, Postwar Recovery &
Origins of Cold War
• Political Reconstruction: Japan &
Germany
– Japan
 Emperor remains power but no longer sacred
 Colonial empire was dissolved
 Land redistribution in Japan
 Zaibatsu were dissolved
 Promotion of worker rights
 Restructured the educational system
 Economic recovery aided by Korean War
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
United Nations, Postwar Recovery &
Origins of Cold War
• Political Reconstruction: Japan &
Germany
– Germany
 Divided into four regions of administration
 Russian occupation harsher than that of others
 Major war criminals tried at Nuremberg
 Democracy promoted in western sectors
 Berlin blockade marked opening of the Cold War
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
United Nations, Postwar Recovery &
Origins of Cold War
• Economic Reconstruction & the Cold War
– Despite devastation, some factories and
much production knowledge remain intact
– Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan
– Western foreign policy goal of containment
– Fear on both sides leads to NATO and other
economic & defensive alliances
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Entering the Second Half
of the 20th Century
• World attracted to FDR idea of the Four
Freedoms and the Atlantic Charter
• Racism and imperialism a troubling legacy
of Europe
• Creation of United Nations offered hope
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Post-war Europe. Western and eastern bloc competition, following their alliance in
crushing Nazi Germany, crystallized in the Cold War. The Soviet Union annexed territories in
the Baltic states and eastern Poland and set up a string of puppet communist states later
known asThethe
Warsaw
Pact
alliance, from East Germany to Bulgaria.
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Western
Allies
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by Pearson
Education, Inc.
World’s
History, Fourth
Edition
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reserved.
Howard
Spodek
formed the countervailing NATO alliance. The stalemate continued for forty years.