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THE WORLD’S HISTORY
Fourth Edition
Chapter
13
The Opening of the
Atlantic
and the Pacific
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
European Visions
The Atlantic
• North Atlantic was home of raiders and
sailors rather than traders (8th-12th
centuries)
– Vikings were the major actors
 Were explorers and raiders
 Settled new areas and established cities such as
Dublin
 Swedes (Vikings) moved eastward into Russia
 Became more peaceful after 1000
– No records of non-Viking activities
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Decline of Trade in the
Mediterranean
• By 950, Mediterranean was “Muslim Lake”
but consisted of different cultural zones
– Mediterranean now a war zone
– Trade continued but was affected by
fluctuations in European economy
– European merchants frustrated by lack of link
from Mediterranean to Indian Ocean
• Europeans seek alternative routes
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Trade and Social Change in Europe
• Guilds/City-States Confront Rural
Aristocrats
– Trade organized by guilds that controlled
wages, prices, production, and job training
– Most were local; exception was Hanseatic
League of Germany
 Controlled trade from London to Novgorod
 Faded with rise of new states such as Netherlands,
England, and Sweden
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Trade and Social Change in Europe
• Economic and Social Conflicts within the
City
– Textile manufacturers dominated some cities
– Capitalist traders organized manufacture
based on estimates of market demands
– Production organized hierarchically with lower
pay for tasks at bottom of production process
– Women and children got even less pay
– Class antagonism led to revolts
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Trade and Social Change in Europe
• New Directions in Philosophy and
Learning
– Renaissance based on new urban wealth
– Church renaissance from 11th century
stressed intellectual dimension of faith
 Anselm, Abelard, and Bernard of Clairvaux
 New monastic orders sought ties to early church
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Trade and Social Change in Europe
• New Directions in Philosophy and
Learning [cont.]
– Intellectual opening to Arab world in 11th
century
 Links through Spain
 Philosophers: Avicenna, Averroes, and
Maimonides
– University emerged and promoted practical
knowledge such as medicine, law, and
theology
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Trade and Social Change in Europe
• New Directions in Philosophy and
Learning [cont.]
– St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) paved way
for Renaissance (accepted ideas of Aristotle)
– Assemblage of bright minds promoted wide
range of ideas, criticism of status quo and its
leaders
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Trade and Social Change in Europe
• Disasters of the 14th Century: Famine,
Plague, and War
– Italian prosperity brought population growth
and strain on natural resources
– Rural depopulation followed by mid-13th
century
– Plague reduced European population from 70
million (1300) to 45 million (1400)
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Trade and Social Change in Europe
• Social Unrest Follows the Plague
– Depopulation benefited survivors with higher
wages and ability to buy land
– Ciompi (lowest class in Florence) demanded
access to guilds, right to unionize, and
participation in government
– Successes were short-lived
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Renaissance
• Motivating philosophy was humanism, the
belief that the proper study of man is man
• Asserting importance of individual
challenged authority of the Church
• Strong belief in God tied to belief that God
gave mankind the power to shape its own
destiny
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Renaissance
• New Artistic Styles
– Religious themes influenced by humanistic
and commercial values
 Masaccio, Trinity with the Virgin (1427)
 Van Eyck, The Arnolfini Wedding Portrait (1434)
– Florence and Medici family influenced art
 Michaelangelo, sculptor and painter
 Da Vinci, inventor and painter
 Machiavelli, political philosopher
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Renaissance
• Developments in Technology
– Improvements in sailing aided merchants
 Caravel and lateen sails
 Astrolabe
– Cannon
– Printing
 From China but better suited for alphabetic writing
– Decimal system
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Renaissance
• Church Revises its Economic Policies
– Had been critical of quest for private profit
 Opposition to money-lending led to Jewish role as
lenders and bankers who were segregated from
rest of society
– Rise of commerce led Church to be more
open to commercial practices
– Economic growth in secular city-states of
Flanders and Italy
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
A New World
• Portugal situated to lead exploration
– First goal was to gain supremacy over Muslims
– Second goal was oceanic route to India
– Prince Henry the Navigator, 1394-1460
 Outflanked Muslims by sailing around Africa
 Interested in oceanic exploration
 Circumnavigated Africa to reach India
 Explorations around African coast opened
commercial opportunities in slaves, ivory, grain, and
gold
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
A New World
• Portugal [cont.]
– Bartolomeu Diaz rounded southern tip of
Africa in 1488
– Portuguese rejection of Columbus’ services
led him to sail for Spain and connect Europe
to what he initially believed was China
– Vasco da Gama made Europe-to-India
voyage
 Defeated some Muslims and left armed force in
India
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
A New World
• Columbus funded by Spanish monarchy
– Underestimated size of globe
– Larger second voyage not a commercial
success
– Third voyage confirmed discovery of “new
world”
– Later voyages of Amerigo Vespucci and
Vasco Nunez de Balboa confirm “new world”
finding; discover the Pacific Ocean
– Magellan circumnavigated the globe
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Oceana
• Australia largely untouched by European
voyages
– Abel Tasman circumnavigated Australia for
Dutch East India Company (1642)
– British sent James Cook and Joseph Banks to
Australia (and also Antarctica)
– These voyages completed the process of
gaining understanding of the globe and its
land masses
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Legacies to the Future
• Participants had different goals
– Chart the unknown
– Pressure to find a new home
– Quest for profit
– Desire to proselytize the world
– Lust for conquest and global supremacy
• Eastern and Western Hemispheres now
connected
The World’s History, Fourth Edition
Howard Spodek
Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.