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European Nationalism to the Revolutions of 1848 Vocabulary Nationalism: loyalty to one’s nation Congress: an assembly/conference Concert: mutual agreement Conservatism: philosophy based on tradition and social stability Opinion Question to answer at the end of the slide show • Why weren’t the Congress of Vienna and the Concert of Europe able to stop revolutions over time? • Write a paragraph explaining your idea. Include an opinion topic sentence and statements of fact that support your topic sentence The French aroused nationalism in two ways: • They were hated as oppressors • French nationalism showed other countries what a nation in arms could do. Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 • A series of international meetings to secure peace across Europe • King Frederick William of Prussia • Czar Alexander I of Russia • Emperor Francis I of Austria • foreign ministers of Britain and France. • Countries around France were made stronger to weaken France and provide a balance of power across Europe. • A balance of military & political power could keep one country from dominating Europe. • The most important leader at the Congress of Vienna conference was Austria’s foreign minister, Klemens von Metternich. Metternich wanted to: • Restore the Monarchy in France and in Europe • Restore the Monarch’s hereditary right to rule • this would help bring peace & stability back to Europe. Question – Why was creating a balance of power in Europe important? Answer – Creating a balance of power in Europe was important because it kept one country from dominating Europe. The three major accomplishments at the Congress of Vienna were 1. France was weakened, 2. a balance of power was created 3. monarchs were restored to power. Congress of Vienna • the Congress of Vienna was based on the political philosophy of conservatism • based on tradition & social stability. Congress of Vienna • Conservatives favored obedience to traditional political authority • believed that organized religion was important to an ordered society. • Opposed to revolutions or demands for rights & government representation. Congress of Vienna • The delegates agreed to meet in the future and keep the balance of power in Europe. Concert of Europe Concert of Europe, 1820-1853 • An international alliance between Russia, Austria, & Prussia, led by Klemens von Metternich that met when peacekeeping issues arose • promised to help each other in the event of revolution Concert of Europe • principle of intervention: countries had a right to intervene where revolutions were threatening monarchies Question – What was the main purpose of the Concert of Europe? Answer – The main purpose of the Concert of Europe was to stop or crush revolution. Revolutions of 1848 • Uprisings for self-government in France, the Austrian Empire, and the German & Italian states Question – How did Old Regimes try to stop revolutions after Napoleon’s defeat? Restoring monarchies using aristocratic rule with force Revolutions of 1848 • Nationalists wanted nation-states – national governments that are independent of royal rule and serve the people and their ideals. • Nationalists claimed loyalty to their fellow people rather than royal rulers Revolutions of 1848 • Nationalists believed they would be united by their shared history, culture, and land rather than by any one ruler. Revolutions of 1848 • France attempted to set up a republic, with an elected president & legislature. • Austrian nationalists tried to set up a constitutional government. • Germans tried to create a constitution for a unified Germany • Revolts broke out in the Italian states in the hopes of creating a unified country. Revolutions of 1848 • these uprisings were quickly repressed, but their ideals persisted. • Within 20 years nationalist movements would finally turn the scattered states of Germany and Italy into two new, unified nationstates. Summary The Congress of Vienna was able to create a balance of power in Europe by surrounding France with strong countries. 2. After Napoleon’s defeat, former royalty were returned to power in most of Europe, primarily as a result of the Congress of Vienna. 3. Nationalism was held back by monarchies & aristocratic rule until the Revolutions of 1848. Required readings: 238-241, 253-263 1. Opinion Question Why do you think the Congress of Vienna and the Concert of Europe were not able to stop the European revolutions? Write a paragraph (4-5 sentences) explaining your idea. Include an opinion topic sentence and statements of fact that support your topic sentence