Download Chapter 12 Section 4

Chapter 12
Section 4
The War’s End
And the
Aftermath
Revolution in Russia
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The entry of the U.S. in the war came none too
soon for the Allies
Russia had been hit hard by the war
In March 1917, workers in Petrograd, unable to
buy bread, began a protest. Demanding a
change in government and an end to the war
the Russian people overthrew the czar
{Led by Vladimir Lenin, a group of radical
Socialists, called the Bolsheviks took control.}
In March 1918 the Bolsheviks signed a treaty
with the Central Powers that allowed Germany
to concentrate their forces on the western front
Vladimir Lenin
Germany’s Last bid for Victory
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On March 21, 1918, about 1 million German
soldiers launched an attack against the Allies,
pushing them back yet again
General Pershing Agreed to place U.S. troops in
the command of Marshal Ferdinand Foch of
France
It made a difference, after fierce fighting the
German advance was halted
The Germans put everything into a final assault
around Reims, but Allied lines held.
Foch ordered a counter attack three days later
and were able to push the Germans back
Marshal Ferdinand Foch
Allied Victory
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Foch seized the initiative and ordered a major
attack along the western front, continually
pushing the Germans back
Allied forces pushed through the Argonne
Forest, facing artillery and machine-gun fire the
whole way. The Americans suffered 120,000
casualties in the Battle of the Argonne
Forest
African American troops received a French
military honor called the Croix de Guerre, or
“Cross of War”, for their bravery and their role
in the victory in the Battle of the Argonne
Forrest
The Brave Men of the 369th Infantry
with their Cross of War metals
Continued….
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In the fall of 1918 distention broke out in the
German forces
German civilians were rioting and demanding
food
In October, German chancellor finally asked
Wilson for a cease fire
On November 9th Kaiser Wilhelm gave up the
throne
The Allies demanded the Germans evacuate
Belgium, France and Luxembourg and
surrender an enormous amount of military
equipment
{At 11:00am on November 11th both parties
signed the armistice and the cease fire went
into effect}
Soldiers on their way to Paris
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
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Wilson invited a group of scholars to advise him
on peace terms.
Wilson developed the Fourteen Points, a
program for world peace
Nine of the points dealt with the issue of selfdetermination or the right of the people to
govern themselves
The other points focused on the causes of
modern war
The final point, the establishment of the League
of Nations, was an international body designed
to prevent offensive wars
The Allies were not enthusiastic about the
points, and the Germans rejected the program
outright
German Prisoners in a French
Prision
The Paris Peace Conference
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On Dec. 4, 1918, Wilson boarded the USS
George Washington for Europe, becoming
the first president to cross the Atlantic
while in office
The peace conference was dominated by
the {Big Four which consisted of Wilson:
United Stated, David Lloyd George the
British Prime Minister, Georges
Clemenceau the French Premier and
Vittorio Orlando the Italian Prime
Minister.}
After six months of debate they agreed to
a peace treaty.
The Treaty of Versailles took place on June
28, 1919.
Continued….
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German colonies and the Ottoman Empire were
divided among the Allied nations. Wilson
required them to report to the League of
Nations though
It created the new nations of Czechoslovakia
and Yugoslavia and reestablished Estonia,
Finland, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland
France regained the strip between them and
Germany
And Germany was disarmed and forced to
admit full responsibility for the war, and
charged billions of dollars in reparations
Above all Wilson wanted to make sure the
League of Nations was included
The Treaty in the Senate
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Wilson returned to the U.S. and had to
convince the Senate to accept the Treaty
of Versailles.
He was pretty sure he had the Democratic
vote but needed the Republicans to make
the 2/3 vote
35 of the 49 Republican Senators said
they would consider it if Article 10, which
stated that the U.S. would go to war if any
League Member needed us, was taken out
Wilson refused to compromise the League
In Colorado while giving a speech, Wilson
collapsed of a near fatal stroke, and was
confined to the White House for the
remainder of his term
The Global Impact of the War
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While the U.S. debated the Treaty of Versailles,
Europe struggled to recover
More than 8.5 million people had died in battle
and another 21 million were wounded
They experienced food shortages. Also the
businesses that did survive could not produce
enough to meet demand
Arab nations sided with the Allies in hopes of
wining independence from the Ottoman Truks.
Instead they found themselves living under
French and British rule
Tensions grew after Britain the Balfour
Declaration, which declared British support for
a Jewish homeland in Palestine
Review Questions
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This man led a group of radical Socialists,
called the Bolsheviks took control of Russia
At 11:00am on November 11th both parties
signed this and the cease fire went into effect
This group consisted of Wilson United Stated,
David Lloyd George the British Prime Minister,
Georges Clemenceau the French Premier and
Vittorio Orlando the Italian Prime Minister.