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What island did Napoleon come from? Corsica How did Nappy benefit from the French Rev.? nationalism, military mobilization What document gave him this power? Constitution of Year VIII What was his title when he first took over the government? How much power did it give him? First Consul, pretty much absolute Name two parts of the Napoleonic Code. civic equality, no guilds, promotion based on merit, end to social hierarchy, religious tolerance What two groups supported his rise to power? bourgeoisie & land owning peasants Name two things he did to squelch his domestic opposition. Centralize government, execution, give them high government posts (with little power), secret police What did Nappy sell to the U.S. in 1803 because he needed cash for war? What U.S. president bought it from him? Louisiana, Jefferson What defeat in 1805 convinced Nappy to turn East in search of territory? Trafalgar (the British & Lord Nelson) Who formed the Quadruple Alliance against him? GB, Austria, Prussia, Russia What foreign minister from Austria comes to the fore at the COV? Metternich What treaty and 2 battles were key in giving Napoleon control of Europe? Austerlitz (Austria), Jena (Prussia), and the Treaty of Tilsit with Russia What did he declare in the Berlin Decrees? start of Cont. system, no trade with GB Who supported the Spanish Guerillas against Nappy? RC Church & GB (Wellington) How was the war with Spain a major problem for Nappy? slow drain on resources At what time was he at his territorial peak? What basic area did he control at this time? 1810-11, the majority of continental Europe Who was the Czar of Russia at the time of Napoleon? Name 2 areas where he clashed w/ Nappy. Alexander I; Grand Duchy of Warsaw, possible marriage to his daughter, restrictions of Continental System What strategy did the Russians use to defeat Napoleon after his invasion in 1812? Scorched earth (destroy everything useful & back up) Who rallied to attack Napoleon from the east in 1813-14? From the west? East: Austria, Prussia & Russia; West: Great Britain Where was his final military defeat? What general led the opposition? Waterloo, Wellington (from GB) What was his reorganization of the German states called? Confederation of the Rhine How did he bring an end to the Ancien Regime? spread ideals of Rev. across Europe What was the goal of the Continental System? Economic defeat of GB Name two things that led to the downfall of the Continental System. desire for luxury goods, British blockade, lack of unity behind Napoleon, desire to trade with GB What were the 2 primary goals of the Congress of Vienna? Make sure that no one state ever dominated again What two places did Nappy wind up in exile? Elba & St. Helena What were the two main impacts of the 100 Days? peace tougher for France, kept A,GB & F from fighting with P &R Name 2 reasons he bit the dust in Russia. cold, starvation, scorched earth, won’t give him big battle What was the Holy Alliance? Alexander’s idea that the great powers should bind together and commit to Christian ideals to maintain peace in Europe Where was “Nappy a Muslim”? What does this show about his feelings toward religion? Egypt, it’s a matter of convenience (he has no 1 strong set of religious views) Name the British minister who came up with a peace plan prior to the COV and two parts of his plan Castlereagh, Bourbons, buffer states, Quad Alliance What movement started in Germany in response to Nappy & the FR? German Nationalism What effect does Napoleon have on the political power of the Church? greatly diminishes it What type of government was favored by the Congress of Vienna? Legitimate Monarchy How does the COV attempt to isolate France? sets up buffer states around it (Netherlands, Swiss Confed., Sardinia, etc.) How does the COV deal with the Confederation of the Rhine? Turns it into Germanic Confederation, and Germany remains dissolute (not unified) What “question” almost pushes the Quadruple Alliance into war with each other during the COV? Polish-Saxon question In what two areas did romanticism flourish? Why? Germany and GB, most impacted by actions of Nappy What is the volksgeist? spirit of the German people What period of history did many romantics look to for inspiration? How can this be seen in their architecture? Middle Ages, gothic revival What religious movement best captured the spirit of Romanticism? Methodism (John Wesley) What was Hegel’s view of the ongoing pattern of history? Thesis vs. anti-Thesis = Synthesis (which becomes the new thesis) What was Goethe’s message about knowledge & religion in Faust? The pursuit of knowledge and a lack of faith can only lead you to the Devil What did Kant argue proved the existence of God? The basic moral imperative in all human beings How did Rousseau serve as a bridge between the enlightenment and the romantic era? Emphasis on emotion and total experience in human education Why did the Romantics reject the classics? Because they rejected the idea that humans remain basically the same over time Identify at least three English romantic poets. Keats, Byron, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, Johnson Name 3 things Nationalists use to define nations language, ethnicity, history, culture What kind of people did liberals tend to be? Wealthy, educated & excluded Who did liberals want to deny representation to? Why? lower classes, unfit for rep (nothing special about them) What country eventually met reform with accommodation instead of repression? What’s the best example of this? Great Britain, Great Reform Bill of 1832 Name the two major goals of Earl Grey’s reform government. no more rotten boroughs and increase suffrage Who were the two main architects of the Congress of Vienna? Castleragh & Metternich Who went into Spain to crush their rev.? France What did the Act of Union do in 1800? Placed Ireland under British rule and allowed them representation in Parliament How did many Tories respond to it? Didn’t like it, Wellington bails out What two things did the Belgians get their inspiration for revolt from? French Rev. of 1830 & the Opera Who was given control of Belgium at the Congress of Vienna? Why was Belgium “allowed” to revolt? the Netherlands, powers too preoccupied/ambivalent to stop it Why did the Great Powers decide to support the Greek Revolution? Further weaken the Ottoman Empire Why was the Great Reform Bill of 1832 such a success? revolution unnecessary, kept institutions, brought economic interests into line with political interests Why was Metternich so concerned about the revolt in the 2 Sicilies? He wanted that area as a buffer zone What did the Catholic Emancipation Act do? allowed RC’s to serve in Parliament What did the Protocol of Troppau do? Gave the Great Powers permission to intervene in revolutions “for the good of Europe” What kind of people were the biggest proponents of Nationalism? writers & historians What kind of people were usually conservatives? aristocratic monarchists What time would the Conservatives liked to return to? Pre-French Rev. Europe Name 3 ideals the Liberals took from the Enlightenment. Free press, religious tolerance, equality before the law, unrestricted economy How did conservatives view Constitutions? worse than the plague What kind of people led the revolutions in Latin America? Where did they get their inspiration? Creole Elite, American Rev & Nappy Who gained the most economically from the revolutions in LA? Great Britain Who took over for Castleragh & kept GB from intervening in the Spanish Revolution? Canning Who did the Decembrists want to be Tsar? Were they more liberal or conservative? Constantine, liberal Identify two characteristics of the reign of Nicholas I. Repressive, gendarme of Europe, Official Nationality protects from corruption of West What king was ousted in the July Revolution? What did he do to provoke revolution? Charles X, ousted liberal ministry – issued 4 (July) ordinances What class ousted him? Bourgeoisie, with force provided by the working class Who backed the independent Serbs against the Austrians? Russia What was the purpose of the Six Acts? Make it easier to repress the reform demanders in GB Who were the Burchenshaften? Student Nationalist groups in Germany What happened to them? banned by Metternich & Carlsbad Decrees Which Karl was bad & became a martyr? Karl Sand for killing the conservative playwright What was the basic idea of the Concert of Europe? Great Powers would get together to solve problems What problems led to calls for reform in GB after 1815? Hunger & Unemployment What country/statesman had the most to lose from Nationalism? Austria (Metternich) Name 2 reasons why GB was able to maintain industrial dominance. foreign markets, quality of goods, strong navy, coal & iron Name 2 factors that contributed to the rise of the proletariat. wage labor market, end of guilds, no longer controlled means of production Name 2 examples of the poor working conditions women faced in the early 1800s. sexual harassment, wage discrimination, unsafe machinery Name 2 things that happened to the family as a result of industrialization. mother provides domestic support, less time together, just unit of consumption What did the Factory Act of 1833 do? limited child labor to 9 hrs/day, must be 9, 2 hrs. of ed. What led to division of labor by making things in uniform sizes? confection system (uniform sizes) Name 3 probs. that were evident across Europe in 1848. hunger, unemployment, city strife, conservative oppression What action was intended to help feed the poor in Ireland but led to more free grain trade? Repeal of the Corn Laws What is the primary basis for classical economic thought? the free market (Laissez Faire) Who thought the population would eventually outstrip the food supply? Malthus Whose Iron Law of Wages justified low wages? What else did this justify? Ricardo, opposition to labor unions who push for high wages Who pushed the concept of utility combined with reason? Bentham What did Europeans use as a model for prison reform? prisons in U.S. (Philadelphia system) What was the driving force behind the creation of the modern urban police force? Rising crime and the desire of the MC for order Who was the pioneer of socialism? Who did he believe should control the means of production? Saint Simon, industrial and intellectual elites Who thought he could successfully build utopias based on textile manufacturing? Where did he succeed? Fail? Owen, Scotland & Indiana What was Marx’s major work? Communist Manifesto Name 4 parts of the Charter. universal suff, salaries for Commons, no prop. req., annual elections, equal districts What did Marx feel was necessary to reorganize society? Would this entity be permanent? Dictatorship of the proletariat, no Who was Marx’s chief cohort? What did they believe was the main purpose of the modern state? Engels, committee that allowed the ownership class to exploit the workers What did Marx believe would be the culminating event of history? clash between P & B, leading to a society without oppression What did the anarchists want? Why? end to ind. & Gov’t, because ind. & gov’t limit freedom in people’s lives What were 3 general causes of the Revs. of 1848? Hunger (bad harvests), unemployment, poor living & working conditions, political oppression How many separate revolts took place in 1848? Which was the first major uprising? Over 50, the February Revolution in France What was the chief cause of the start of the February French Rev. of 1848? Repression by Louis Phillippe (banning the banquets) Why did the poor flood into Paris as soon as the Rev. began? To work in the workshops What was the first example of class warfare? Who were the two groups involved? June Days of the French Rev. of 1848, the radical working poor and the French Army What was the main thing that helped Louis Napoleon get elected? name recognition & desire for order Who led the revolt in Vienna? What major figure fled at the start of their uprising? academic legions (student nationalists), Metternich The Magyars blew it because they ______ when they tried to rebel against the Austrians. annexed Romania, Croatia & Serbia (treated others like the Austrians had treated them) How did rulers all over the Germanic Confederation respond to the uprisings by workers and peasants in 1848? Made concessions, promised constitutions, and sent reps to the Frankfurt Parliament What kind of people were in the Frankfurt Parliament? What was their chief task? liberals, write a cons. for united Germany Why did the members of the Frankfurt Parliament fail? Too liberal (ignored Conservatives & workers) and too slow What group did Guiseppe Mazzini lead? What did the group want? Young Italy, a united Italy with a republican government How did the Pope respond to the declaration of a Roman Republic? He fled, was not as liberal as he claimed to be Who goes in to Italy to squash revolt & put the Pope back? France & Louis Napoleon What two Great Powers fought Russia in the Crimean War? What 2 powers stayed neutral? France & GB, Prussia & Austria What were the Russians’ goals in the Crimean War? Protect the Xians in Ottoman Empire, territorial gains (WWPs) What impact did the Crimean war have on the Concert of Europe? Ended it (broke up order of COV) What impact did this break up have on Germany & Italy? Allowed for their unification (since powers couldn’t unite against it) Why was Piedmont the natural place for Italian unification to start? most independent & industrial What did Cavour think was the key to unification of Italy? Economic strength that would make Italy a viable state and a monarchy Which “romantic republican” founded the Young Italian Society? What was their goal? Guiseppe Mazzini, a unified Italy with a republican gov’t Why did the Pope resist Italian unification? wanted to keep the independence of the Papal States (which were under his control) Who did Cavour secure help from in Piedmont’s fight against Austria? Napoleon III (France) What priorities did Garibaldi demonstrate when he turned over Southern Italy to Cavour? nationalism over republicanism Who was the first king of a united Italy? Victor Emmanuel (of Piedmont) What state was sick of being second to Austria in Germany? Who was it’s chief minister in 1862? Prussia, Otto von Bismarck Bismarck wanted unification by ____ & ____, which symbolized what? blood & iron, war & industrial strength What was the first “war of German unification” & what was at stake? Danish War (1864), Holstein & Schleswig How did Bismarck use the Danish war to deal with Austria? Conflict over spoils of war leads to Austro-Prussian War in 1866 What document played on French fears & started the Franco-Prussian War? What did the French fear? Ems Dispatch, a Hohenzollern king of Spain (Germans on both sides) Name 2 key outcomes of the Franco-Prussian War. end of Nap III (start of 3rd Rep.), finalizes Ger. Uni. (southern states), new mil. tactics How did Bismarck, a conservative, overcame the Ger. Libs.? Using cons. Institutions (e.g. army), F-P war, N. Ger. Confed. What forced Napoleon III to be more liberal at home? foreign policy failures (Italy & Mexico) Describe the politics of the Paris Commune relative to the French provinces. What was the Paris Commune pushing for in 1871? More radical, a radical French republic What group lay siege to Paris to remove the Commune from power? What did Marxists call this? French Army under orders of NA, class warfare Why did French Monarchists in the NA fail to establish a monarchy? Couldn’t find a king (Bourbon refused) What was the Dreyfus Affair? Jewish French Army captain unjustly accused of spying for Germany Name two key outcomes of the Dreyfus Affair. cleared way for 3rd Rep., embarrassed Conservs., demonstrated antiSemitism of the era What were 3 chief characteristics of Austria in 1860? Why did these characteristics conflict with the rest of Europe? dynastic, absolutist & agrarian, rest of Europe was becoming more industrial and democratic What forced the Hapsburgs to deal with the Magyars in 1867? no support from Russia, loss in A-P war Name two characteristics of the Dual Monarchy of A-H. one king, separate legislatures, separate countries, some common ministers, common foreign policy & defense what area were Austria & Russia rivals for influence in the late 1800s? What major event will this lead to? The Balkans, World War I How did the other nats. in the Austrian emp react to the Dual Monarchy? Which nat. was most outspoken for equality? Wanted similar deal, Czechs What were the three chief areas of Alex II’s reforms? army, serfs, government/judicial Describe the cycle that Alex II’s reforms started. reform revolutionary activity repression How did “Land & Freedom” try to start a revolution in Russia in the early 1870’s? What offshoot group assassinated Alex II? educating the peasants, People’s Will What did Alex III do to step up repression? secret police, censorship, repeal reforms Name 2 ways Gladstone opened up traditionally Aristocratic Institutions. CS exams, no ang. reqs. @ Ox. & Cam., can’t buy commissions, secret ballot Why did Disraeli, a conservative, allow the expansion of suffrage in 1867? Thought new voters would vote conservative What did many Irish landlords do with their peasants during the Potato famine? evicted them & shipped them to the U.S. What were the two major problems that faced the Irish in the 1800s? What PM first tried to address these? English Prot. landlords & tithes to Church of Ireland, Gladstone Who traditionally opposed Irish Home Rule? Why? The Conservatives, represented the Anglican Church & the interests of the landlords Why did Northern Ireland remain under the control of GB? it had a Protestant majority (Ulstermen) Name two things that use the internal combustion engine. cars, subs, planes Name the industries associated with the 2nd ind rev. steel, chemicals, oil Name 2 reasons why cities were restructured in the late 1800s. health, troop movement, centers for commerce, etc, housing reform What created a real interest in public health? MC fear of cholera, new understanding of disease What things helped create new jobs for women in the late 1800s? corps, burs, new tech. What was the goal of the 2nd International? unify soc. parties & unions What is parliamentary socialism? working within assembly to make change Name 2 things MC women in the late 1800’s were expected to do. provide home of virtue, lead family’s religious life, consumer What were the 2 primary concerns of early unions? wages & working conditions What issues made it hard for women to unify in their struggle for equal rights? class issues, national interests, differences over tactics What country took the lead in social reform? GB How did Nicholas II respond to the December Revolution? October Manifesto What did the Oct. Manifesto call for? democratic gov’t What made Marxism the main brand of socialism in the 1870s? 1st International Why did revisionists like Bernstein believe revolts would never happen in Ger. & France? stock ownership, broader franchise, improved standard of living (conditions are just getting too good for revolution) What were the two principles of Bolshevism? dual revolution and elite revolutionary force Name 2 problems with Russian industrialization. inefficient farming, profits leaving, small WC, bad conditions How did Bismarck respond to failed repression of the GSPD? Social reforms (insurance & pensions) Name two “invisible exports” insurance, shipping, capital Name 2 barriers women faced to the professional world. expectations, lack of ed, hostility & bigotry Who were political feminists often associated with? socialists Who were the Fabians? British intellectual non-Marxist socialists Who insisted on an elite revolutionary force? Lenin What did the middle classes do after the Revs. of 1848? moved to protect their gains Who was in charge of Russian industrialization in the late 19th Cent.? Witte What improvements were made to cut down on cholera? sewers & water systems, eliminate slaughterhouses What was the Eiffel tower a symbol of? France’s industrial strength (Liberalism) How did new explosives impact travel? RR Tunnels through Mtn. ranges Women were paid less because____ “didn’t need to support self”, lower skilled work What development left owners with less risk and put casual workers closer to poverty? sweatshops Name two components of Russian anti-Semitism. pogroms, internal passports, living restrictions, censorship, limited jobs & educ. What did the educational revolution of the late 1800s help people break free from? intellectual surroundings Give an examples of the clash between Church and state in the late 1800s. Ger’s Kulturkampf, GB over education, Fr. 3rd Rep vs. RC Church Who’s philosophy marked a departure from rationalism? Frederich Nietzsche Name two types of intellectuals that are challenging the Church in the late 1800s. historians (evidence of JC), scientists (creation), soc. scientists (religion is a natural phenom) What kinds of things did Freud say might cause psychological problems? childhood experiences, excessive repression, exposure to Kilmer How has Freud’s thinking affected our modern world? Changed the way we view things, events, and most importantly people What did Nietzsche insist man must do to achieve greatness? follow his instincts and pursue ecstasy What did Nietzsche claim Christianity and Democracy had done to man? made him meek and mediocre What did Weber claim was the most significant development of the 19th Cent.? Bureaucratization What did Weber believe that this had provided for each individual? a role in society How did realists depict the world? harsh reality of it, no dreams or illusions allowed, emptiness of the bourgeoisie What did impressionists attempt to depict? their full impression of the scene (sight, sound, emotion, light, etc.) What did the modernists try to break free from? traditional models for art, music, literature, etc. What is social Darwinism? belief in “survival of the fittest” in the social world - those who suffer do so because they are weak Identify three reasons for New Imperialism. nationalism, industrialism, belief in cultural superiority, spread religion In what continent was this new imperialism most evident? Africa Identify at least two of the big trends leading to WWI. industrial arms race, colonial rivalry, nationalism, alliances What two nations started the colonization of Africa? What part? GB & France, northern sections What was GB’s goal in Africa? Cape to Cairo Why was China ripe for forced trade in the 1800s? internal turmoil What was the worst example of European exploitation in Africa? King Leopold in the Congo What were the only two parts of Africa not colonized by 1900? Ethiopia and Liberia What were the two clashes in Africa that fed animosity against GB? Fashoda Crisis and the Boer War What was the U.S. policy for trade in China? Open Door Policy What British settlement came out of this policy? Hong Kong Why was trade with China so important to the Europeans? Chinese goods were in high demand in Europe What was the Chinese rebellion in response to the Open Door Policy? Boxer Rebellion What were the two examples of economically successful colonies in the 1800s? Dutch Indonesia and British India What two countries were huge colonial rivals in the Middle East and Asia? GB & Russia How did the British “accidentally” introduce nationalism & liberal ideas in India? Educating them in English in the Western fashion What was Bismarck’s primary foreign policy goal? avoid 2 front conflict What was the root of the tension between A-H & Russia? territorial interests in the Balkans Why does France ultimately make an alliance with Russia? lots of $ invested in Russian industry Why does Germany antagonize GB in the early 1900s? to make themselves look powerful so GB will want to ally with them Who does GB make the Entente Cordial with in 1904? France In 1914, who belonged to the Triple Alliance? Italy, Germany, A-H In 1914, Who belonged to the Triple Entente? GB, France & Russia What event triggered war between these two alliances? Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Who came in to back A-H? Serbia? Germany and Russia What were the basics of the Schlieffen Plan? swing through France with strong right, defeating them quickly then beating the Russians Why did the Schlieffen Plan fail? What did this lead to? weak right, digging trenches on Western Front What were the two major actions on the Western Front in 1916? German attack on Verdun, Allied offensive at Somme How successful were these actions? not at all What were the Allies trying to accomplish at Galipoli? break through & reestablish connection with Russia Identify three weapons that were used first in WWI. machine guns, tanks, airplanes, submarines, poison gas What is a war of attrition? you try to win by wearing down the other side Identify at least 4 causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917. reform-revolt-repress, industrialism, Nicky’s a weenie, Rev. of 1905, Crimea, R-J War, Duma-Duma-Duma Who took control in the March Revolution? liberals/cadets (Provisional Gov’t lead by Kerensky) Who snuck Lenin back into Russia? Germans What brought the U.S. into the war? Zimmerman Telegram & sinking of the Lusitania What did the Germans do after the Bolsheviks surrendered? Launched an all out attack on the Western Front What allowed the British and French to hold off this assault? help from the U.S. How did the Germans try to counter the British blockade? with the U-Boat (unterseebooten) What was Kerensky (and the provisional gov’t)’s biggest mistake? staying in the war vs. Germany What did the treaty of BrestLitovsk give the Germans? lots of land & an indemnity Why did the Bolsheviks have to sign this treaty? needed to get out of war & focus on keeping control Who was the political leader of the Bolsheviks? Military Leader? Lenin, Trotsky Identify three political factions in Russia at the time of the Revolution. Social Democrats, Social Revolutionaries, Cadets, Czarists Why did Ludendorff surrender before the Allies reached Germany? wanted mild peace according to 14 Points Identify three of Wilson’s 14 Points. free seas, self determination, open diplomacy, League of Nations, “Peace Without Victory” What two major nations were excluded from the Paris Settlement? USSR, Germany Identify 4 ways that the Treaty of Versailles was hard on Germany. blame for war, huge reparations, Alsace-Lorraine, small army, dictated, demilRhineland What did the T of V do to A-H? split it into 6 states, made it a nationalist & economic mess What did Wilson cash in his idealism for? League of Nations Why is WWI truly an end to the old order? all old monarchies no longer exist (A-H & Russia) Why did trench warfare suck? (list at least three reasons) machine guns, trench foot, boredom, shell shock, rats, barbed wire What law allowed RCs to serve in Parliament in 1829? Catholic Emancipation Act What party supported Irish Home Rule through the late 1800s & early 1900s? Liberals When was the Home Rule Bill eventually passed? What delayed its implementation? 1912, WWI What two groups, one political & one military, emerged to lead the Irish Nationalist movement after the Easter Rebellion of 1916? Sinn Fein and the IRA What immediately followed the Irish Declaration of Independence in 1919? Guerilla war between the IRA & the British? Identify two critical ways Ulster is set apart from the rest of Ireland. What do we commonly call Ulster now? Protestant majority & economically prosperous, Northern Ireland What issue separated the moderates and the radicals during the Irish Civil War? an oath of allegiance to the crown Name 2 things that squash Wilson’s vision for peace. Natty, economics, & conservatism Who most wanted the Treaty of Versailles enforced? Why? France, most damaged & all alone vs. Ger. Where did new industrial comp. come from after WWI? U.S. & Japan Name 2 groups who fought the Reds in the Russian Civil War. Whites (Cadets), peasants, allies Name 2 parts of War Communism. Cheka, seize banks, grain, industry, transport What was Lenin’s solution to the economic problems the Communists faced after the Russian Civil War? New Economic Policy (NEP) What did the NEP allow peasants to do? sell grain What impact did the NEP have on the communist party? split it Lenins death led to a power struggle between whom? Who was the victor? Stalin & Trotsky, Stalin What was the main threat that fascist regimes responded to? spread of communism What do fascist rulers insist the individual must put before everything? the State How did Muss. become Prime Minister? appointed by king after Black Shirts march on Rome What two things did France do immediately after WWI to secure themselves? Enforce T of V & East Alliances (C, R & Y) What did France do in 1923 when Ger. fell behind on reps.? occupied Ruhr How did this impact the Ger. economy? huge inflation, some unemployment Describe the economy in GB after WWI. sluggish How did the British working class respond to the 1926 cut in wages forced by the return to the gold std.? General Strike of 1926 What is the issue of contention in the Irish Civil War? oath of allegiance What group of states was supposed to get self determination after WWI? the successor states Out of which three former empires were the successor states composed? Germany, A-H, & Russia Which was the only successful one? Czechoslovakia Which state wanted to unify with Ger.? Austria How were political parties formed in the Balkans? along ethnic lines Name 1 flaw of the Weimar Cons.. small party representation & dictatorial powers Name 2 parts of the Nazi Party Platform. repudiation of T of V, unification of Aust & Ger., eradication of Jews, agrarian reform, confiscation of war profits, etc. What was the first attempted takeover by the Nazi Party? Beer Hall Putsch (Munich, 1923) What two things helped reconstruct the Weimar Republic between 1925-1929? Dawes Plan & Locarno agreements What did the Dawes Plan do? restructured rep pay back (tied to Ger. economy) Name 2 of the key causes of the Great Depression. Crisis in currency & investments, commodities crisis, lack of leadership How did the crash of ‘29 affect U.S. investment in Europe? stopped it Why couldn’t farmers pay their debts in the ‘20s? glut of ag. goods in market How did most European gov’ts respond to the GD? cut spending, wage & price controls Who did the Popular Front in France oppose? right wingers (fascists) Who rose to power in response to the GD in Ger.? Who did they use as scapegoats? Nazis, Jews and Communists What did the clash between von Papen & Schleicher allow to happen? Hitler becoming chancellor What did Hitler blame on the Communists & use as an excuse to expand his power? Reichstag Fire What act of terror made the Nazi anti-Semitic program a clear reality? Kristallnacht What was the name of Hitler’s elite secret police force? Who led it? SS, Himmler What kinds of propaganda were used by the Nazis? Who was their minister of propaganda? marches, rallies, radio, print; Joseph Goebbels What was the Nazis’ economic policy? Gear all production toward strong military state What happened to the rights of organized labor in Germany & Italy? What rights?, they were taken away What two organizations did the Italian Fascists use to control the economy? corporations & syndicates What instrument guided the Soviet economy between 1927 & 1942? the Five Year Plans What did these plans call for? rapid industrialization w/ specific goals for production How did the plans expect to pay for these increases? grain exports from collectivized farms What class strongly opposed collectivized farming? kulaks What was done to those who opposed? death or imprisonment How much did Soviet industrial production increase between 1928 & 1940? 400% What was the cost of this industrialization? millions of deaths, lack of economic equality, years of self denial What is the Cult of Personality? worship of the ruler who embodies the greatness of the state What was Stalin’s goal in the great Purges? eliminate all opposition w/in the Party (old Bolsheviks) Who would replace these people? new faces loyal only to him At what point before WWII did Hitler say he was “done” adding territory? after Sudetenland Where did Hitler look for territory after Czech.? Poland What treaty gauranteed his security on the eastern front? Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Why did the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor? the U.S cut off shipments of oil Where was there a great deal of island hopping? Pacific Theater What was the goal of Operation Barbarossa? take the USSR before winter What delayed its start? having to go bail out Mussolini What was the Allied invasion of Normandy called? D-Day/Op. Overlord What were Truman’s two main options to defeat Japan? invasion or A-Bomb What was the Vichy government? controlled non-occupied France during WWII What event led to hardships on the German homefront? failure of Barbarossa At what point before WWII did Hitler say he was “done” adding territory? after Sudetenland Where did Hitler look for territory after Czech.? Poland What treaty gauranteed his security on the eastern front? Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Why did the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor? the U.S cut off shipments of oil Where was there a great deal of island hopping? Pacific Theater What was the goal of Operation Barbarossa? take the USSR before winter What delayed its start? having to go bail out Mussolini What was the Allied invasion of Normandy called? D-Day/Op. Overlord What were Truman’s two main options to defeat Japan? invasion or A-Bomb What was the Vichy government? controlled non-occupied France during WWII What event led to hardships on the German homefront? failure of Barbarossa Name the last two big peace conferences. Yalta & Potsdam How was Germany divided after WWII? 4 zones, one each for US, GB, Fr., USSR How did the U.S. respond to the 1948 blockade of West Berlin? Airlift What divided eastern & western Europe after WWII? iron curtain What did Stalin call his plans for modernizing the USSR? 5 year plans Name two things Khruschev did to lessen Stalin’s influence. some freedoms, ag reform, more consumer goods, Secret Speech How did the Soviets respond to the 1968 uprising in Cz.? sent in troops Who led Vietnamese resistance to French control? Ho Chi Minh What movement led to independence for Poland in 1989? solidarity Name the 2 people that created a desire for buffer states in the USSR. Nappy & Adolf What slowed UN actions after WWII? Soviet veto on the Security Council What provided US aid to European nations to keep them free from Communism? Marshall Plan What were the two main treaty organizations of the Cold War? NATO & Warsaw Pact What was the basic idea of the Truman Doctrine? containment of Communism Name two of the Crises of 1956. Suez, Poland, Hungary What organization was opposed to peace between Israel & Egypt? PLO How did the U.S. respond to Sputnik? space raceola Who’s set of major reforms brought an end to the USSR? Gorbachev What were deGaulle’s priorities? hostility to U.S. & GB, nukes, tension w/ NATO Which half did the US back in both Vietnam & Korea? south What were the two parts of Gorbachev’s reforms? perestroika and glasnost How did the satellite states respond to the weakness of the USSR in 1989? “revolted” for independence Identify four areas that “revolted” in 1989. Poland, E Ger., Czech., Romania, Hungary, Who will back the State of Israel right from the beginning? the U.S. & western Europe What were the three possible ways Europe could be unified? Which was most likely? political, military, economic Give two examples of student protest in Europe in 1968. Prague and Paris What has the focus of European feminism been for the last 60 years? social & workplace equality Who led the movement for Indian independence? Mohandas Gandhi What agreement will start to lessen tension between Israel & Egypt? Camp David Accords What is the basic nature of the problem in the former Yugoslavia? many different ethnic/religious groups, discrimination outside common areas Where is the current conflict there? Kosovo/Serbia Give two examples of Americanization. McDonalds, English, Levis, etc. What impact did decolonization have on em/immigration? former colonizers & colonial subjects go to Europe How did existentialists think humans should get their values? determine their own