Download Becoming A World Power - Valley View School District

PERIOD 7:
1890-1945
Comprises 17% of the AP Exam
4/1/2015
An increasingly pluralistic
United States faced profound
domestic and global challenges,
debated the proper degree of
government activism,
and sought to define its
international role
• Key Concept 7.3:
• Global conflicts over resources, territories,
and ideologies renewed debates over the
nation’s values and its role in the world,
while simultaneously propelling the United
States into a dominant international
military, political, cultural, and economic
position
I.
Many Americans began to
advocate overseas
expansionism in the late 19th
century, leading to new
territorial ambitions and
acquisitions in the Western
Hemisphere and the Pacific
Becoming A World Power:
America Claims an Empire
Chapter 20
Objectives
Students will be able to:
1. Define
•Industrial revolution
•Colonialism
•Imperialism
2. Explain the relationship between the
Industrial revolution and Imperialism
• The Industrial Revolution started in Great
Britain and spread to the Continent and
then the USA
– Gross National Product (GNP)
• 1850 – Great Britain, France, USA, Germany*
• 1880 – USA, Great Britain, Germany, France
• 2000 – USA, Japan, China, Germany
• USA has been the most powerful
country in the world economically
since after the Civil War
• Technical innovations in the late 19th
century, natural resources, and an
educated work force enabled us to
gain this position
In 1890, the USA lagged behind
in Imperialism and Colonialism
• Imperialism – stronger nations
dominate weaker nations
• Colonialism – building
settlements in foreign territories
that are under the control of the
dominant nation
• The British Empire:
Canada, Australia, New
Zealand, Egypt, Sudan,
South Africa, India,
Bermuda, The Bahamas,
Jamaica, Belize
• The French Empire:
French Indochina, French
West Africa, Madagascar,
Haiti and French Guiana
• The German Empire:
Southwest Africa, East
Africa, Indonesia, Suriname
A. The perception in the 1890s that the
western frontier was “closed,”
economic motives, competition with
other European imperialist ventures
of the time, and racial theories all
furthered arguments that Americans
were destined to expand their culture
and norms to others, especially the
nonwhite nations of the globe.
Causes
*Growth of Imperialism in Europe
and Asia
*Economic Factors
*Nationalism
*Military
*Humanitarian Factors
*Adventure/Pioneer Spirit
United States Expansion
Economic Factors
• Natural Resources
• New Markets
• US already had economic
interests abroad that they
wanted protected
Nationalism
• Extreme Patriotism
• Belief that your nation is the
best and other countries are
inferior
Military
• Military is superior and growing
stronger – why not use them?
• Secure bases around the world
Humanitarian Factors
• Cure diseases
• Spread democracy
• Evangelism – Spread
Christianity
Humanitarian Factors
• Social Darwinism
–American culture is superior
–We are obligated to share it
–We can take over other
territories because we are
‘better’
Adventure
• New Frontiers – Turner and
Roosevelt’s theory that
Americans need new lands
to conquer to keep the
‘pioneer spirit’ alive
Previous American Expansion
• 1776 – 1830s: Bought land from France
and Spain
• 1830 – 1850s: Manifest Destiny
• Annexed Texas
• Mexican American War
• 1867: Bought Alaska ($7.2M) & took
Midway (uninhabited)
• 1875: Treaty with Hawaii for exclusive
trade
• Strategically located in the Pacific
Ocean between San Francisco and
China
• Americans traded there for decades
• Christian missionaries reformed the
natives
• American businessmen bought or
traded large tracts of land for sugar
plantations
Hawaii
• (1875) Agreements between USA and
King Kalakaua
– Sugar imported to USA without tariffs
– Hawaii could not sell to other countries
– USA leased Pearl Harbor
• (1891) Queen Liliuokalani resisted
American control
• (1893) Sanford B.
Dole and US marines
took over the country
and declared it an
independent republic
without permission of
Congress
• President Grover Cleveland
apologized and refused to annex
Hawaii (Dole became president of
Hawaii)
• (1898) President McKinley ordered
Hawaii annexed and it became an
American territory
• Hawaii became our 50th state in
1959
• Americans gradually accepted
the idea of American
Imperialism but assumed it
would be done peacefully and
at no expense to them
The Spanish American War
April, 1898 – December, 1898
“A Splendid Little War”
B. The American victory in the
Spanish-American War led to the
U.S. acquisition of island territories,
an expanded economic and military
presence in the Caribbean and Latin
America, engagement in a
protracted insurrection in the
Philippines, and increased
involvement in Asia.
Causes:
• Imperialism – Americans were seeking
foreign lands, and influence on world
affairs
• Spanish colonial rule – brutal and
oppressive
• American economic interests in Cuba
• Yellow journalism
• Jingoism
• USS Maine
Review of the Monroe Doctrine
• Issued in 1823 by Monroe’s Secretary of
State, John Quincy Adams
• Stated that the USA would prevent any
foreign intrusion in the Western
Hemisphere
• In return, the USA would not interfere in
European Affairs
Monroe Doctrine
• In 1823, USA had no power to enforce it
– British enforced it to keep markets open
• did not want France & Spain re-colonizing areas
they lost
• USA built navy/marines by mid-century
• Result was US control of the Western
Hemisphere
• Remains the cornerstone for our foreign
policy in Latin America
Monroe Doctrine
• Examples:
– 1821 Mexico became independent from Spain
– USA would not allow Spain to recolonize it
– French occupied Mexico during our Civil War
– After 1865, USA supported the rebels that
overthrew the French
• (1891) USA successfully
demanded reparations
from Chile for the deaths of
2 American sailors
• (1893) USA prevented a
revolt in Brazil
• (1895) USA arbitrated a
border dispute between
British Guiana and
Venezuela
• (1891) USA successfully
demanded reparations
from Chile for the deaths of
2 American sailors
• (1893) USA prevented a
revolt in Brazil
• (1895) USA arbitrated a
border dispute between
British Guiana and
Venezuela
Colonial Cuba
Spanish
misrule /
anarchy
The Cuban Revolt
• Cubans wanted independent rule
from Spain
• Revolt began in 1868 but they
reached a truce 10 years later
• Revolt began again in 1895
• Spain was not interested in a truce
The Cuban Revolt
• Spain sent their military (General
Weyler) to forcefully deal with the
insurrection
• Cubans were placed in
concentration camps, where over
200,000 died of disease and
malnutrition (out of 1.5 million
population)
The Cuban Revolt
• USA refused to get involved
• Cuban rebels began destroying
American owned sugar plantations
and mills
• US businessmen urged a military
response, but Presidents
Cleveland and McKinley refused
Yellow Journalism
• New York World – Joseph Pulitzer
• New York Morning Journal – W. R. Hearst
• Competition between the 2 papers led to
spectacular headlines and a loose
concern for the truth
• Possibility of war increased circulation
for both of them
“Jingoism”
• Name came from a British song –
“We don’t want to fight, yet By
Jingo!.....”
• Term came to represent national
pride that was expressed as
contempt for inferior nations
• Racist
“Spark”
• Cuban unrest was still threatening US
citizens and property
• President McKinley sent the U.S.S.
Maine to Havana Harbor for protection
• February 15, 1898 – U.S.S. Maine
exploded and killed 250 American
sailors
• World and Journal demanded war
Spanish American War
• President McKinley gave Spain one last
ultimatum
• Spain refused to grant Cuban independence
• USA declared war on Spain in April, 1898
– Teller Amendment was added by Congress to
ensure Cuban independence after the war
• War would take place in the Spanish colonies
Spanish American War
• The Philippines
–Before the planned attack on
Cuba took place, Admiral Dewey
launched a surprise attack on the
Spanish Pacific Fleet
–Aided by the Filipinos
–Complete and total victory over
the Spanish in Manila Bay
Spanish American War
• Cuba
–American navy destroyed
their Atlantic Fleet at
Santiago
–Roosevelt and the Rough
Riders led the attack in Cuba
Spanish American War
• Puerto Rico
–American navy bombarded
San Juan
–US troops landed in July but
met little resistance
Spanish American War
• Victory was assured by July
• Official treaty was signed in
December, 1898
• Spain ceded 4 territories and the
USA paid Spain $20 million
Results of the
Spanish American War
1. Spanish lost their major colonies
and would continue to decline in
power
2. America would gain new territories
a.
b.
c.
d.
Cuba
Puerto Rico
The Philippines
Guam
Results of the
Spanish American War
3. Theodore Roosevelt would become a war
hero
4. US deaths – 3266;
- 309 in battle 2957 from disease & food poisoning
5. The Filipino Insurrection would
immediately follow
• (1898 – 1902) Cuba under military rule
• Cuba drafted a constitution similar to
the US Constitution
• Platt Amendment was attached to
Cuban Constitution
• Platt Amendment
– Cuba became an American protectorate
– Cuba could not sign any treaties with
foreign countries without US approval
– Cuba would lease land to the USA for
naval bases
• USA intervened in Cuba several times
• In effect until 1934
US Naval Base in Cuba
Note: Cuba is
90 miles from
the coast of
Florida
Puerto Rico
• Foraker Act in 1900 removed military
control
• Became US territory
• Became US citizens in 1917 (Jones Act)
• Became Commonwealth in 1952
• Representatives to Congress but they
can not vote
• Statehood could be imminent
• “When I realized that the
Philippines had dropped into our
laps, I confess that I did not know
what to do with them..I walked the
halls of the White House night after
night….and prayed to Almighty
God for light and guidance…And
one night, it came to me this way…
– 1. that we could not give them back
to Spain, that would be cowardly and
dishonest
– 2. that we could not turn them over
to France or Germany..that would be
bad business and discreditable
– 3. that we could not leave them to
themselves..they were unfit for selfgovernment and they would soon
have anarchy and misrule worse than
Spain’s war
–4. that there was nothing left for
us to do but to take them all, and
to educate the Filipinos, and
uplift and civilize and
Christianize them as our fellow
men for whom Christ also died
Filipino Insurrection
• Filipinos fought with the USA against
Spain in 1898
• Declared their independence – Jan.
1899
• War between the Filipinos and
Americans broke out in February
• Three year war would kill 4000
Americans with another 3000 wounded
Filipino Insurrection
• Filipino losses were staggering
– 116,000 rebels
– 200,000 civilians (estimated)
On March 7, 1906, US troops under the
command of Major General Leonard
Wood massacred as many as 1,000
Filipino Muslims, known as Moros, who
were taking refuge at Bud Dajo, a
volcanic crater on the island of Jolo in
the southern Philippines. US soldiers
pose for the camera in the aftermath of
the massacre. (Photo from The National
Archive)
The Philippines
• The Philippines would remain under
American control until July 4, 1946
• The USA sent billions of dollars in
economic aid until the 1990s
• USA was asked to give up Clark Air Force
Base – still maintained a force of
approximately 15,000 people there
• June 1991 – Mt. Pinatuba erupted
Marines on Clark Air Base
(Mt. Pinatuba in the background)
June 12, 1991
American Samoa
• 1899
– Divided between Great Britain, Germany and USA
– Great Britain withdrew
– Germany lost all colonies/territories in WWI
Wake Island
• 1899
– Unoccupied coral atoll
– Located halfway between Hawaii and the
Philippines
Insular Cases
• Did citizenship follow the flag? Were
occupants of US territories automatically
US citizens, entitled to all rights of the
Constitution
• Series of Supreme Court cases known as
Insular Cases
– Decision that the right to determine status,
including citizenship, resided with Congress
China
–Chinese products included
silk and spices
–Huge population meant new
markets for manufactured
goods
‘Spheres of Influence’
• Russia, Japan,
Germany, Great
Britain, and France all
controlled major
Chinese ports
• USA sent Open Door
notes in 1899 and
later in 1908 to insure
open trade in China
China
• (1900) The Boxer rebellion resulted in
the deaths of 300 foreigners
• Rebellion was put down (brutally) by
Chinese and European troops
• USA did not want the European
countries to use that as an excuse to
obtain complete control in China
• Insisted on “Open Door Policy”
• Within a period of 10 years the
USA had become a world power
• While proving we had economic
power decades earlier, we now
proved that we had military and
political power as well
Key Concept 7.3, I.
C. Questions about America’s role in the
world generated considerable debate,
prompting the development of a wide
variety of views and arguments
between imperialists and antiimperialists and, later, interventionists
and isolationists.
Required terms:
Dollar Diplomacy
Mexican intervention
A New Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy after the Spanish-American War
Panama
Canal
Big Stick
Diplomacy
Dollar
Diplomacy
Moral
Diplomacy
Encouraged
Revolution
in Columbia
Influenced
relations in
L. America
Leased
Canal Zone
from
Panama
US Navy
used to back
diplomacy
Open Door
in China &
stability in
L. America
USA in
Mexico for
moral
reasons
Economic
assistance
USA backs a
stable
government
Panama Canal
• Voyage from New York to San Francisco
around Cape Horn
– approximately 15,000 miles
– dangerous
• Railroad route across Central America
was unreliable and slow
• Land routes were dangerous due to
rugged terrain and disease
Location of Panama / Columbia
Panama Canal
• Shortest route was through the Panama
area of Columbia
• 52 miles across
• Leased right of way to the French
• French attempted but failed to build a
canal
• Offered the lease to the Americans
Panama Canal
• President Roosevelt tried to negotiate a
treaty with Columbia
• When that failed, Americans assisted
rebels in taking the territory and declaring
themselves independent
• Panama became a separate country and
immediately leased the canal zone to the
USA
Panama Canal
• USA began
construction in
1906
• Spread of disease
was limited
because of
isolation of victims
and destruction of
mosquito's habitat
Panama Canal
• The Panama Canal officially opened in
1914
• It remained an American territory until
1977
• Gradually control was turned over to the
Panamanians
• Completed on December 31, 1999
Freighter traveling through the
Panama Canal
One of four locks in the
Panama Canal
“Big Stick Diplomacy”
• President Roosevelt added a corollary to
the Monroe Doctrine
• USA would become an international police
force
• “Speak softly and carry a big stick”
• Big stick was the US Navy
• Invaded and occupied many nations in the
19th & 20th centuries
Dollar Diplomacy
• Taft
• Financial support to regimes that
supported the USA government and
industry
– Protect US financial interest with the
military if necessary
“…United States shall extend all proper support to
every legitimate and beneficial American enterprise
abroad. “ William Howard Taft
Moralistic Diplomacy
• Wilson
– condemn imperialism
– spread democracy
– stay out of foreign affairs
– reverse previous mistakes
• The Philippines – Jones Act 0f 1916
– Granted territorial status and step toward future
independence
• Puerto Rico – Jones Act of 1917
– Puerto Ricans became naturalized citizens, granted by
Congress, not the Constitution. They do not have full
rights. (Amended in 1940 to full citizenship)
• Panama Canal – ended free tolls for American
companies
Mexico
• Experienced many revolts between the
1820’s and the 1930’s
• The USA generally did not interfere until
1911, when President Diaz was
overthrown
• A dictator, Huertes took control of the
country
• President Wilson felt it was our moral
responsibility to support his opposition
Foreign Policy - Mexico:
– Background
– (1810 – 1866) Conflicts with Spanish,
French, and their own governments –
power changed hands several times
– (1876 – 1911) President Porfirio Diaz
assumed power
– *repressive regime
– *increased industrial strength and
foreign investment
– *benefited wealthy landowners and
foreigners
The Mexican Revolution
(1911-1915)
Madero – Wealthy landowner that ran for
office and lost – started the Mexican
Revolution that toppled Diaz; Madera
became President.
Victoriano Huerta and others overthrew
Madera in a coupe 1913
Rebel leaders Venustiano Carranza,
Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Alvaro
Obregon continued to fight
Zapata – Native American Revolutionary
in the south

Mexico:

US Intervention (1913-1914)

Wilson refused to recognize Huerta

Tampico Incident – US sailors from the USS
Dolphin were arrested in the port of Tampico
and released unharmed. Infuriated Americans.

Germany sent an arms supply to Mexico to aid
Huerta; Americans seized the port of Vera Cruz

Argentina, Brazil, Chile (ABC) organized a
proposal for a provisional government and
Huerta was ousted in 1914.
•
Mexico:
–
Revolution Winds Down – 1915
–
After Huerta fled, Villa and Zapata
controlled 2/3 of Mexico
–
Venustiano Carranza returned to Mexico
and became “1st Chief”
–
The US recognized Carranza
Mexico:
Pancho Villa’s raid
April 1916
Columbus, New Mexico
10 civilians, 8 soldiers died; town was
destroyed; 100 Mexicans died
General Pershing entered Mexico to
apprehend Villa
After searching for almost a year, Wilson
recalled him.
•
Mexico:
–
1916 - V. Carranza called a constitutional
convention and re-organized the
government
–
Called for placing public welfare above
individual interests
–
Nationalized mineral, oil, and water
rights.
–
1917 – received Zimmerman Note from
Germany
Moralistic Diplomacy Failures
–
Haiti – invaded & occupied for 19 years;
10,000 Haitians died resisting (1915-1934)
•
–
–
–
–
USA sent navy to Haiti 26 times between 1849
and 1913
Dominican Republic – invaded and
occupied for 8 years (1916-1924)
Mexico – Chasing Pancho Villa (1917)
Cuba and Panama (1918)
World War I – could not maintain a biased
neutrality
Debating America’s New Role
Anti-Imperialism
•
•
•
•
•
•
Arguments:
Racist
Labor Issues
Immigration Issues
Expensive
Could require the draft
Anti-Democratic
America’s New Role –
Imperialism Viewed from Abroad
• Countries began to depend on the USA for
military and economic assistance
• “Yankee go home” became a familiar refrain,
particularly in Latin America
• The same issues that arose in 1900 still
plague us today
– What right do we have to interfere in foreign
nations
– What responsibilities do we have toward foreign
nations
The End!