Download World War I

World War I
Chapter 28
5/24/2017
1
The Seeds of War
Section 1
• What were the main causes of WW 1?
– Competition for resources and territories
– Nationalism
– Militarism
– Alliances
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Terms to Define
• Militarism: glorification of war and the
military
• Conscription: compulsory (mandatory)
call up of civilians for military service
• Alliance System: defense agreements
among nations
• Entente: friendly understanding between
two nations
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People to Know
• Otto von Bismarck
– First Chancellor of the
German Empire
– Crafty statesman
Otto von Bismarck
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Places to Locate
• Morocco
• Alsace-Lorraine
• Bosnia-Herzegovina
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Section Theme
• Cooperation:
European powers
form a series of
alliances before
World War I
French Prime Minister Briand
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Overview
• In the summer of
1914, assassination
sparked the beginning
of WWI
• Competition for
resources
• Nationalism
• Militarism
• Alliances
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European Countries in the War
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Overview
• WW I was known as
the Great War and
“the war to end all
wars”
• WW I brought
significant changes
• Empires toppled and
European dominance
of the world shaken
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Funeral of Archduke Ferdinand
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European Rivalries
• Since the mid-1800s
industrialization and
expansion led to
intense competition
among the countries
of Europe
– Each sought what was
best for growth
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European Rivalries
• During the 1800s, Great Britain, France,
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and
Italy all sought to acquire new markets and
to establish and expand global empires
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European Rivalries
• Competition turned to hostility as one power
crossed another in its efforts to accomplish its
goals
– Britain wanted to maintain its lifelines to its empire
and ensure no other nation would threaten it
– France wanted to add minerals to its economy by
acquiring Morocco
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European Rivalries
• Competition…
– Germany had “eyes’ on the Ottoman Empire
– Austria-Hungary wanted land in the Balkans
– Russia wanted control of Dardanelles near the black
sea and more influence over Manchuria
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Nationalism
• Growing spirit of nationalism brought tensions
– Germany had united
– France wanted Alsace-Lorraine back, lost after
Franco-Prussian War
– In Austria-Hungary, Slavic nationalists were attracted
to Pan-Slavism (Slavs needed to develop their culture
and become a nation)
• New nation would be carved out of current Austria-Hungary
• Neighboring Serbs supported the Slavs in their efforts
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Slavic Nationalism
• Austria-Hungary was alarmed by Serbian
activities in the Balkans and was
concerned that a Yugoslav state would
harm the security of the empire
• In 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed the
Slavic territories of Bosnia-Herzegovina
(east of Serbia), once of the Ottoman
Empire
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Slavic Nationalism
• The Serbs were threatened by the AustriaHungary move into Bosnia-Herzegovina
– Serbs called on the Russian for help
(historically their ally)
– Russia turned away Serb calls for help
• Russia made secret deal with Austria-Hungary that
its war ships could have access to the Dardanelles
• Russia still weak from war with Japan
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Slavic Nationalism
• Russia turned away Serbia (more)
– Russia agreed Austria-Hungary could have
Bosnia-Herzegovina
– Russia persuaded Serbs to retrain
themselves
– Russia discovered Austria-Hungary made its
move before the final deal could get done
• Russia was very angry it had been “duped”
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Balkan Wars
• The first Balkan War
further inflamed the
Serbs (1912)
– Serbia wanted Albania
as a warm water outlet
to the sea
– Serbia was not
awarded Albania after
the war—resentment
grew
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Balkan Wars
• Second Balkan War,
Albania made
independent…more
frustration for the
Serbs
– Russia not able to
support the Serbs in
either war…Russians
were humiliated
• Austria-Hungary
worried about its
future role in Europe
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Militarism
• European powers spent much time
assessing each other’s military strength.
Diplomats maneuvered to win new allies,
military leaders argued for increased
spending, and all nations but Britain
adopted conscription
• With tensions rising, so did militarism, the
glorification of war and the military; very
much associated with setting state policies
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Militarism
• Each nation believed
that its national
security depended
entirely on new
technology and
military readiness
Heavy field gun
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Militarism
• Each nation’s actions caused a reaction in
the other nations
– Germans expand their navy
– Britain felt threatened as an island nation
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Alliances
• Along with militarism came a hardening of
alliance systems
– Defense agreements among nations
– Otto von Bismarck created the Three
Emperors League to isolate France
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia
• Didn’t last long because of conflict between Russia
and Austria-Hungary in the balkans
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Alliances
• With the crumbling of
the Three Emperors’
League, Bismarck
created a new and
stronger alliance with
Austria-Hungary
Otto von Bismarck
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Alliances
• In 1882, Italy joined the Austrian-German
alliance—now became the Triple Alliance
– Italy wanted allies against France
– Italy angry about France occupying Tunis in
Africa
– Italy concerned that France would aid the
pope with whom they were having a dispute
• All agreed to aid of the other if threatened
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Alliances
• France and Russia developed friendlier
relations and another alliance began to
develop
– They developed an alliance to aid each other
if attacked by Germany or Austria-Hungary
• France and Great Britain (1904)
developed an alliance called the Entente
Cordial—not a full fledged alliance
(friendly understanding)
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Alliances
• These agreements developed into the
Triple Entente
– Loose alliance between France, Russia, and
Great Britain
– Great Britain joined because of the perceived
threat to its naval fleet and its empire
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Alliances
• The establishment of the Triple Alliance:
(Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and the
Triple Entente (Russia, France, and Great
Britain) threatened the peace of the
continent. A minor conflict now had the
potential to involve all major European
powers in war
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Alliances
Triple Alliance
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Italy
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Triple Entente
• Russia
• France
• Great Britain
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The Spark
Chapter 28
Section 2
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Terms to Define
• Ultimatum: a set of final conditions that
must be accepted to avoid severe
consequences
• Mobilization: the gathering and transport
of military troops and fighting equipment in
preparation for war
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People to Meet
•
•
•
•
Francis Ferdinand
Gavrilo Princip
William II
Nicholas II
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Section Theme
• Tensions between the
two European
alliances erupt into a
Europe-wide conflict
Austrian dead
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Overview
• What series of events provided the spark
that ignited World War I?
– The assassination of Archduke Francis
Ferdinand
– Declarations of war
– Mobilization of Austria-Hungary, Russia,
Germany, France, and Britain
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Overview
• Until 1914, a false optimism prevailed in
Europe
– Most people didn’t think there would be war
– Absence of war for long time lulled people into
thinking there couldn’t be one
– Social reforms and scientific discoveries
made people think all was well…other ways to
solve problems
– War was “triggered” in the Balkans
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Trouble in the Balkans
• On June 28, 1914, Archduke Francis
Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian
emperor, and his wife were assassinated
in Sarajevo (capital of BosniaHerzegovina) by members of a secret
Serbian nationalist group
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Trouble in the Balkans
• Archduke Ferdinand had
actually planned on
giving more voice to the
Slavs
• Voice equal to Austrians
and Hungarians
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Archduke Ferdinand
Trouble in the Balkans
• Seven assassinations had been placed
along the route of their ride in a convertible
through the streets
– All members of secret Serbia nationalist group
called the Black Hand
– The first assassins’ attempt did not work
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Trouble in the Balkans
• The car made a wrong
turn and Gavrilo Princip
(gah*VREE*loh*PREEN*
seep) shot them
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Gavrilo Princip
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German Support
• Although the assassination had not
occurred in Serbia, Austria-Hungary held
the Serbs responsible. Germany , through
Emperor William II, assured AustriaHungary that it would give its full support
to any actions taken against Serbia
• Germany had approved any actions
Austria-Hungary wanted to take
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Declaration of War
• On July 23, Austria-Hungary gave Serbia an
ultimatum: to cooperate in an Austro-Hungarian
investigation of the assassination or face war.
– They were given 48 hours.
– Serbian leaders, outraged, rejected demand; AustriaHungary responded: declared war on Serbia July 28,
1914
– Both countries issued general orders for
mobilization: the gathering of troops and equipment
to prepare for war
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A European War
• Believing falsely the
others would back
down at the last
moment, the major
European powers
pushed each other to
the brink of war
Archduke Ferdinand Funeral
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A European War
• Russia immediately announce its support for
Serbia. On July 30, Czar Nicholas II ordered a
general mobilization of his armed forces against
both Austria-Hungary and Germany
– Russia new it would really lose face with the Slavs if it
backed down again
– Russia also had the backing of France
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A European War
• On July 31, Germany ordered Russia to
cancel its mobilization order or face war.
After France gave its support to Russia,
Germany declared war on both countries
• Britain was undecided for a while and still
hoped to use negotiations
• The Germans marched into Luxembourg
and demanded passage across Belgium
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A European War
• Belgium was a neutral country and its
neutrality had been guaranteed by an
1839 treaty signed by Great Britain,
Russia, France, and Germany
– Germany invaded Belgium anyway
– The Brits protested the invasion of Belgium
– The German Chancellor called the treaty “a
scrap of paper”
– The Brits enter the war August 4, 1914
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A European War
• Most European believed war was a matter
of defending their country’s honor or
upholding “right against might”
• Few people imagined how long the war
would last
• The war seemed to have no clear
objective
• The entire world was dragged in
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The War
Chapter 28
Section 3
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Section Theme
• Conflict: The European war is transformed
into a war that engulfs much of the world;
the global conflict directly affects many
civilians as well as soldiers
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Terms to Define
• Belligerent: warring
• Propaganda: ideas or rumors used to
harm an opposing cause
• War of attrition: tearing done the other side
by constant attacks
• Trench: ditch
• Contraband: prohibited goods
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People to Meet
•
•
•
•
•
•
Alfred von Schlieffen
Helmuth von Moltke
Joseph Jacques Joffre
Henri-Philippe Petain
Winston Churchill
Woodrow Wilson
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Places to Locate
•
•
•
•
Paris
Tannenberg
Verdun
Gallipoli
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Overview
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire,
and Bulgaria became known as the Central
Powers
• Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, Belgium,
Japan, and Montenegro became known as the
Allied Powers (or Allies)
• None of the powers were really ready for what
happened
• The Europeans thought the war would be over
by Christmas
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The Schlieffen Plan
• Germany’s invasion of Belgium on August
3 was part of a strategy designed by the
German General Alfred von Schlieffen,
who believed that the Germans could
defeat the French in six weeks and then
move on to the Eastern Front and fight
against Russian forces
– Schlieffen believed the Russians would take
longer to mobilize
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The Schlieffen Plan
• Germany encountered far more resistance
in Belgium than anyone expected;
furthermore, Russia mobilized far more
quickly that Schlieffen had estimated
– The German commander, Helmuth von
Moltke, was surprised by the resistance
– Advance was delayed until August 20th
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The Schieffen Plan
• The German troops
were held up further
when they met British
and French forces in
the north of France
and in AlsaceLorraine
French shelling of German positions
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The Battle of the Marne
• France struggled to recover after their
defeat at Alsace-Lorraine
– French general Joseph Jacues Joffre pulled
back to Paris to fortify his army’s position
– The French counter-attacked and pushed the
Germans back 50 miles (called on French
taxis to help move troops)
• This battle was called the Battle of the Marne
• The German retreat from the Battle of the Marne
signified the abandonment of the Schlieffen Plan
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The Battle of the Marne
• The battled signified not only the
abandonment of the Schlieffen Plan, but
that neither side could win easily
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A Russian Disaster
• Russia sent troops into battle even before
fully mobilized
– Russia’s speedy invasion of East Prussia
diverted German troops from the attack
against the French and British
– At Tannenberg in present day Poland, the
Russians suffered a disastrous defeat
• The Russian army was encircled and destroyed
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Years of Deadlock
• After the Battle of the Marne, the Germans and
the Allies began a series of battles
• Each was attempting to reach the North Sea
first: known as “the race to the sea”
– Reaching there, one could outflank the other
• In November, the war reached a stalemate
• To protect themselves in the war of attrition,
soldiers on both sides dug trenches
• Through 1915 casualties mounted
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Years of Deadlock
• All the belligerent (warring) nations now
had to adjust their plans
– To produce the weapons, food, ammunition,
etc.
– Civilians had to enter the war effort—became
a total war
– To raise morale, newspapers gave even the
smallest victories big headlines
– Governments used propaganda
(ideas/rumors) to harm an opposing cause—
to portray the enemy as beastly and inhuman
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Trench Warfare
• The war turned into a war of attrition
– Each side tries to wear down the other
through constant attacks
– Trenches spread 500 miles: Switzerland to
North Sea
– In the middle: “no man’s land”
– Trench warfare: rats, disease, filth, barbed
wire, death
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Trench Warfare
• At the Battle of Ypes, the Germans
introduced poison gas
– Yellow-green chlorine gas
– Wind carried gas into French trenches
• Blindness, choking, vomiting, torn lungs, death
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Verdun and the Somme
• In February 1916, the Germans staged a
surprise attack against French forces at
Verdun
– After 6 bloody months, with the French
holding firm, the Germans finally abandoned
the attack
– French General Henri-Philippe Petain
(pay*TAN) ralled the troops with “they shall
not pass”
– Both sides had half a million casualties
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Verdun and the Somme
• Later, the British, aided by a small French force,
launched a similar attack against the Germans in
the Somme River Valley north of France
– Terrible and inconclusive
• Germans: 500,000 men
• British: 400,000
• French: 200,000
– French introduce tank: made little difference—too
clumsy, slow at the time—generals didn’t know best
use for them
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The Eastern Front
• Less entrenched, more mobile, no
advance
– Germany and Austria-Hungary made
determined efforts to remove Russia from the
war
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The Eastern Front
• As the least industrialized of the European
powers, Russia did not have the resources
and skills to fight a modern conflict
– Russians forced to give up huge land mass
– Russians suffered huge amounts of casualties
– Russians promised access to the Dardanelles
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The Eastern Front
• Inspired by the agreement for the
Dardanelles, the Russians rebuilt their
army
– Their offensive against Austria-Hungary was
very successful
• Took many cities
• Lost a million men and most of their supplies
• Helped the Western front: Germans had to transfer
men and supplies
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Gallipoli Campaign
• Winston Churchill, Secretary of the British
navy asked, “are there not other
alternatives than sending our armies to
chew barbed wire in Flanders?”
– His plan, take Constantinople, cut supplies to
and defeat Austria-Hungary, help Serbia, and
defeat the Ottomans
– Bad planning and the reinforced Turks
caused the Allies to withdraw
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On the Seas
• The British had been dominating the seas—
stopped ships from carrying contraband
(prohibited goods)
• Great Britain’s blockade of all ports under
German control was very effective
– Germans calling it “the hunger blockade”
– Old saying: “All is fair in love and war”
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On the Seas
• To wear down British sea power, the
Germans introduced submarine warfare
• In 1915 the U-boats began to strike civilian
and commercial ships, including the British
passenger ship, the Lusitania
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Submarine Warfare
• Lusitania
– About 1200 killed
– 128 Americans
– Germans argued Lusitania carried weapons
– President Woodrow Wilson threatened to
stop diplomatic relations with Germany
• Germans responded by ending unrestricted
submarine warfare
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United States Enters War
• Until this point, Americans were divided
about whether the United States should
enter the war
– Many Irish were anti-British
– Many German Americans sided with the
Germans
– Others: Brits, Scots, etc., sided with the Allies
• Most Americans believed President
Wilson: this was a European conflict
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United States Enters War
• Germans did not want America to enter
the war
– But they announced they would sink
merchants ships going to Western or British
ports
• Wilson broke diplomatic relations
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United States Enters War
• The Zimmerman telegram
– German foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann
sent telegram to Mexico: Germany would help
Mexico regain New Mexico, Texas, and
Arizona after a German victory
– Zimmerman proposed Mexico talk to Japan
about joining Central Powers alliance
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United States Enters War
• Zimmermann telegram…more
– The British government had intercepted
the telegram and passed it to the
American government
– The American newspapers printed the
message
– The message heightened the antiGerman attitudes in the U.S.
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United States Enters War
• After German ships sink four American
merchants ships, President Wilson asks
Congress for a declaration of war and calls
upon Americans to help “make the world
safe for democracy” American financial
aid and military intervention led to an
eventual Allied victory
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The Russian Revolution
Chapter 28
Section 4
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Read to Find Out
• Main idea: A series of key events led to the
Russian Revolution
• Terms to Define: provisional government,
communism
• People to Meet: Nicholas II, grigori Rasputin,
Alexander Kerensky, Vladimir Ilyinch Lenin,
Leon Trotsky
• Places to locate: Petrograd, Siberia, Poland,
Ukraine
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Overview
• Russia devastated by war
• Over one fourth of the soldiers had to pick
up weapons of the dead enemy to fight
• Resources went to supply the army
• The situation helped topple the autocratic
czar and bring in Communism
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Fall of the Czar
• Czar Nicholas II and his wife already not
popular
– Bad policies
– Reliance on mystic healer, Grigori Rasputin
– Two relatives of the czar assisted in killing
Rasputin in December, 1916
– Public anger mounted as a result of shortages
– Protesters in Petrogad demanded food and
an end to the war
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Fall of the Czar
• Ordered to put down the riots, troops fail to
fire on protesters
– Many troops joined the rebellion
• With the country slipping into chaos, the
czar finally abdicated on March 15
• The Mrch revolution cost feww lives and
took place without the leadership of it
revolutionary intellectuals
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The Provisional Government
• After taking power, the middle-class
provisional government soon had a
socialist rival for power, the Petrograd
Soviet. The Soviets, led by the Petrograd
Soviet, called for immediate peace, the
transfer of land to peasants, and the
control of factories by workers. As the war
went on, the soviet program gained great
popularity
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The Provisional Government
• Middle class government consisted of Duma
middle class
• The majority of the Petrograd were
Mensheviks—the most radical were the
Bolsheviks
• Alexander Kerensky, moderate, moved freely
between the two government classes
• The provisional government did not withdraw
from the war
– It didn’t carry out its promised reforms and lost much
popular support
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Lenin
• A variety of provisional groups, including
the Bolsheviks, vied to fill the power
vacuum
• The Mensheviks outnumbered the
Bolsheviks, but were not good planners
– Believed the masses would create the
revolution, but nothing happened
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Lenin
• The radical Bolsheviks believed revolution
could be introduced by force
– They believed a small group of revolutionaries
supported by a small group of peasants could
force change
– Lenin urged them to try
• Lenin’s brother had been hanged for conspiracy to
kill Alexander II
• Lenin dedicated his life to revolution
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Lenin
• Lenin—more
– 1895, government had arrested Lenin and
exiled him to Siberia
– After release, he wrote revolutionary articles
from Britain, Germany and Switzerland
– Lenin return to Russian to lead the March
1917 revolution
• A special train was given him for his travels and
leadership activities
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Lenin
• Lenin’s slogan was: “peace, land, and
bread”
• Promised to withdraw Russian from the
war
• Wanted the Soviets to be the only
government: ‘all power to the Soviets”
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The Bolshevik Revolution
• In November 1917,the Bolsheviks
overthrew the provisional government in
the name of the Soviets: the revolution
was largely bloodless
– Bolshevik soldiers, sailors and workers took
over the main post office, phone system,
power generating plants, and shot a
battleships guns at the winter palace of the
former czar
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The Bolshevik Revolution
• Despite the Bolsheviks overthrowing the
government, they received votes for only 225
seats in the election for a provisional
government—the Social Revolutionaries
received 420
– By force, the Bolsheviks dissolved the assembly in a
day
– Bolsheviks claim power
• End private property, distribute land to peasants, gave
workers control of factories and mines
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The Bolshevik Revolution
• They began calling themselves
Communists
– Their political viewpoint was based on the
writings of Marx and Lenin, communism
– Wanted an international movement to spread
communism around the world
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Civil War—The Bolsheviks “Bail” in
March 1918
• Russia sought peace with Germany by
giving up much western territory and a
third of it population
• The new Bolshevik government “bails”
itself out of the war in March, 1918, and
moves toward their international
communistic conquests
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Civil War: Reds and Whites
• During the early months of 1918, Russia
also slipped into a civil war between the
Communists (the Reds) ad their political
opponents (the whites). During the
upheaval, the Communists imposed a
policy called “war communism” and used
terror as a weapon against their
opponents
– Communist leaders, Leon Trotsky, used force
and education to foster loyalty of communists
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Civil War: Reds and Whites
• The Whites promised to defeat the Reds and get
Russian back into the war
– Received support from the Allies, including the United
States
– Did not help the Whites and stirred distrust against
the West
– Three grim years of revolution
• Whites suffered from lack of unity, were
outnumbered, etc. The White armies admitted
defeat in 1921—Lenin extended communism
throughout the war-ravaged country
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Peace at Last
Chapter 28
Section 5
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Read to Find Out
• Ultimately, the Treaty of Versailles was
unsuccessful
• Terms to Define: convoy, armistice,
reparation, mandate, cordon sanitaire
• People to Meet: T.E. Lawrence, Ferdinand
Foch, Woodrow Wilson, georges
Clemanceau, Davis Lloyd George, Vittorio
Orlando
• Places to Locate: Fiume
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Overview
• Russia’s withdrawal from the war was
offset by the United States entering
– Here come “the Yanks”
– Boosted Allied morale and provided much
need resources
– Took time to build American army, but navy
was immediate help
• Admiral William S. Sims introduced the concept of
a convoy—the protection of ships from German Uboats
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Overview--more
• Convoy—
– Clusters of merchant ships were surrounded
by war ships
• Increased use of mines and the airplane
change the way the war was fought
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Peace at Last: Turning the Tide
• Until the Americans arrived, the fighting
along the trenches on the Western Front
continued without lasting gains on either
side
• Both British and Germans were reaching
the end of their reserves
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Turning the Tide: Total War
• The demands of large-scale war required the
efficient use of human and natural resources
– Governments carried out the principle of total war,
directing all people and resources to the war effort
– Governments recruited, drafted, trained, and supplied
large armies
– Governments borrowed money, raised taxes, placed
price controls on items, banned strikes, rationed food,
and censored the press in an effort to control public
opinion and keep morale high
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Turning the Tide: Total War
• Women play important part in the war
– Took men’s placing in factories making
munitions and supplies
– Became nurses and joined the armed forces
– Work proved the abilities of women
– Although many had to leave those jobs after
the war, the point was made
– Their contributions boosted self confidence in
the long term, and many countries after the
war were ready to grant the woman’s vote
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Turning the Tide: Global War
• European imperialist nations obtained
needed resources from empires
• In Asia and Africa, allied forces won
victories that took control of German
colonies
• Asians and Africans expecting citizenship
for their help were disappointed
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Turning the Tide: Global War
• Arabs help Allies defeat the Ottoman
Turks
– Arabs seeking freedom
– T.E. Lawrence, British officer, harassed Turks
and provided intelligence information to Allies
which led to downfall of Turks
– Unknown to the Arabs, the British and French
had made plans in the 1916 Sykes-Picot
Agreement to divide the defeated Ottoman
Empire among themselves
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Peace at Last: End of Fighting
• Allied breakthrough comes July 1918
– French General Ferdinand Foch stops
German offensive 40 miles from Paris
– With American forces now in place, the Allies
launch a counter attack on the Germans and
push them back to the German border
– In September, German generals tell the
Kaiser the Central Powers can’t win the war
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Turning the Tide: End of fighting
• The collapse of other Central Powers
follows
– Ottoman Turks asked for peace after an Allied
drive through the Balkans
– Austro-Hungarian military collapses after their
defeat in Northern Italy
– Although the German army stood firm, morale
in Germany gave way. On November 11, the
Germans signed an armistice (agreement) to
end the fighting
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Effects of the War
• The war shattered aristocratic order and
increased social and political instability
– Nine million soldiers and thirteen million civilians
– Mass deaths or killings of (for example) the
Armenians by the Turks in 1915
– Boundaries redrawn in parts of the world
• Armenian soldiers removed from ranks of Turks and
deported them to labor camps
• Roped civilians together and sent them into desert
• One million Armenians died
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Restoring the Peace
• The hopes of many Europeans and North
Americans focused on United States
President Woodrow Wilson and his
fourteen points peace plan
– Freedom on the high seas and of trade
– Self rule for all nations
– Establish “general assembly of nations” to
work out problems
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Restoring the Peace
• Wilson’s 14 points—more
– Limitations on arms
– An end to all secret alliances
– No annexations, no contributions, and no
punitive damages
• Germany believed the 14 points were the
basis of peace negotiations—a framework
– Great Britain and France had issues with the
proposal
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Restoring the Peace
• Objections by Great Britain and France
– Brits: objected to open high seas
– French: Wanted the Germans to pay
reparations—payments for damages
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Restoring the Peace: The Paris
Peace Conference
• In January 1919, delegates of 27 nations
met to work out the peace accords: most
decisions made by these men
– President Wilson
– Georges Clemenceau
– David Lloyd George
– Vittorio Orlando
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Restoring the Peace: The Paris
Peace Conference
• There was a large gap between the
idealistic goals of Wilson and the
nationalistic goals of the French, British,
and Italian leaders. Wilson gave in on key
points to ensure acceptance of the League
of Nations
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Restoring the Peace: The Treaty of
Versailles
• The Treaty of Versailles spelled out the details of
the Allied settlement with Germany
– Lloyd George and Clemenceau prevailed in their goal
to punish Germany
•
•
•
•
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Reduced the size of Germany; return Alsace-Lorriane
Reduced the army
Banned conscription and manufacture of major war weapons
France would control the coal rich Saar Basin, while Allies
would occupy the Rhineland
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Restoring the Peace: The Treaty of
Versailles
• Treaty—more
– The Allies would establish an independent
Poland out of lands held by Germany, AustriaHungary, and Russia
– Stripped Germany of its overseas colonies
• Great Britain and France divided the African
colonies
• Australia and New Zealand split the Pacific islands
south of equator
• Japan took pacific islands north of equator
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Restoring the Peace: The Treaty of
Versailles
• Treaty—more
– France and Great Britain wanted Germany to
accept full responsibility for the war
• Pay full reparations
– The Allies signed the agreement on June 28,
1919
• Only four of Wilson’s points were in tact: the most
important was the Covenant of the League of
Nations
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Restoring the Peace: Other
Settlements
• The Allied Powers signed separate peace
agreements with Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, and
Turkey with the greatest attention given to
territorial matters: New nations emerged in
Eastern Europe from the ashes of the old
German, Russian, and Austro-Hungarian
empires. The Allies regarded these countries as
a quarantine line (cordon sanitaire) against
potential threats from Russia or Germany. In the
Middle East, Great Britain and France divided
what was left of the Ottoman empire
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Restoring the Peace: Other
Settlements
• Ottoman Empire divided—
– The Arabs did not receive the independence
that Great Britain had promised
• Palestine Transjordan and Iraq became British
mandates
• Lebanon and Syria became French mandates
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Bitter Fruits
• A general disillusionment set in after the war:
slogans rang hollow
– “the war to end all wars”
– “To make the world safer for democracy”
• Many people found themselves to be minorities
within new nations
• Many thought they would be accepted
citizenship in independent nations
• Those defeated were embittered by loss of
territory and prestige
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Bitter Fruits
• The Germans felt a deep sense of
resentment
– The provisions of the treaty left Germany
weakened, humiliated, and deprived of great
power status
– Two decades later, this resentment would
burst forward in greater resentment
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