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Nationalism and Imperialism
Nationalism and Imperialism
• Main Idea: Nationalism in 1800s sparked
revolution and new countries are created
while monarchies fall, changing maps and
power in Europe.
• Key Terms: Triple Alliance, Otto von Bismark,
Kaiser Wilhelm I, Ottoman Empire, Balkans,
Crimean War, Czar, Bloody Sunday
Nationalism-devotion to one’s
nation or national group.
• Culture-Shared beliefs and a way of life creating a
common bond.
• History-A shared past connecting people as a
group.
• Religion-A common religion helps unite people.
• Language-A common language is a key element
of nationalism.
• Territory-A shared land gives people a sense of
unity.
Italy
Nationalism: Italian Unification
• Italy-Separate states after fall of Rome. Reunited
(mostly) under Napoleon, and then separated
again. Rise of nationalism during this time.
• Congress of Vienna separate states without
concern for national/ethnic borders(Ex: AustriaHungary included Croats, Czechs, Germans,
Hungarians, Italians, Poles, Serbs, Slovaks, and
Slovenes). Italians, and other, grew in opposition
of these artificial borders.
Nationalism: Italian Unification
• Leaders such as Giuseppe Mazzini, Camillo di Cavour
and Giuseppe Garibaldi (Red Shirts) broke down
Austrian forces in Italy piece by piece.
• During a war between Austria and Prussia, and the
Franco-Prussian war, the Italians were able to conquer
all of Italy, and voted for total unification in 1870.
• Early days of unification were plagued with violence
and poverty. As a result many Italian migrated to other
countries. Government reformed voting and labor
rights, and widespread industrialization brought Italy
into the 20th century.
• In 1882, Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Germany formed a
military alliance called the Triple Alliance which would
lead most of Europe into WWI.
Nationalism: German Unification
Nationalism: German Unification
• Napoleon united Germany under the name the German
Confederation. After the Congress of Vienna the 39 separate states
kept the name, but were not unified as one. Much like Italy, the
German states had a common language and culture.
• Revolution of 1848 spreads to Germany as Wilhelm IV (Wilhelm I)
limited free speech and other democratic reforms.
• Broken promises, the Zollverein (union), and the emergence of
Prussian military leader Otto von Bismark brings Germany to
unification by conquering French, Austrian and southern German
lands.
• Bismark was later named chancellor and the Prussian King, Wilhelm
IV, was named Kaiser(Emperor) Wilhelm I. The balance of power in
Europe shifted as the German Empire flourished.
• The German Empire created alliances with Russia, Austria-Hungary,
and Italy.
Nationalism: Austria-Hungary
and the Ottoman Empires
• Secret police, censorship, conservative
alliances, and laws promoting absolutism
were not enough to keep the Hapsburgs in
power.
• Emperor Franz Ferdinand abdicated, and his
nephew Franz Joseph I took the throne. Under
FJ, an unstable dual monarchy formed in 1867
to appease the Hungarian population, which
lasted until the end of WWI.
Nationalism: Austria-Hungary
and the Ottoman Empires
• The Ottoman Empire contained many different
ethnic and religious groups (Greeks, Bulgarians,
Turks, Kurds, Arabs, Jews), and was not able to
sustain liberal change occurring in Europe.
• European powers were concerned about the fall
of the Ottoman Empire, and the control of
Constantinople.
• Wars are fought in the Balkans from ethnic
tensions, resulting from Austrian control of the
region, and the Crimean War is fought over
alliances, control over the capital city of
Constantinople, and the Holy Land.
Nationalism: Unrest in Russia
Nationalism: Unrest in Russia
• Russian Empire enormous and incredibly diverse. Czars ruled
through autocratic government. Not industrialized and serfdom
exists into 20th century.
• Decembrist revolution, failed reforms, loss in war, and an
assassinated czar were all blows to the strength of Russia. Many
Jewish people were blamed, and killed, without punishment.
• Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railroad led to conflict with
Japan. Another defeat brought about the need for change, opening
the door for Marxists Vladimir Lenin to stage a revolution.
• The Russian Revolution begins with Bloody Sunday. Thousands
marched upon the Winter Place in St. Petersburg to meet the czar.
Hundreds were shot and killed. A widespread uprising followed.
• Demands were met when the czar implemented the October
Manifesto and the Duma, but more changes would soon occur.
Imperialism
• Main Idea: From 1800-1920 European powers
ruled over much of Africa and Asia. The United
States influenced Latin American countries.
• Key Terms and People: Colony, protectorate,
sphere of influence, British East India Company,
Sepoy mutiny, Raj, Opium Wars, Treaty of
Nanjing, Taiping Rebellion, Boxer Rebellion, Meiji,
Social Darwinism, Suez Canal, Berlin Conference,
Mexican Revolution, Spanish-American War,
Panama Canal, Monroe Doctrine, “Pancho” Villa,
Emiliano Zapata
Imperialism-the process of one people
ruling, and controlling, another.
Imperialism
• Africa and Asia last areas to be colonized. Due to
weakened empires and technological advances,
Europeans settled further inland in these areas.
• Types of Imperialism:
Colony-territory governed by foreign power.
Protectorate-territory that has its own
government, but is controlled by a foreign power.
Sphere of Influence-territory in which a country
claims exclusive political or economic rights.
Imperialism: British in India
Imperialism: British in India
• Mughal Empire in India in decline, and allowed
themselves to be manipulated by British, keeping
chaos, allowing British order and customs.
• India colonized the by British East India Companycontrolled trade between GB, East Asia, and India.
• Sepoy Mutiny-British suppressing both Hindu and
Muslim culture in India. Sepoys were soldier in British
army. Ammunition for rifles covered in beef(Hindu) and
pork(Muslim) grease. Sepoys rebelled and refused to
use the rifles which lead to fighting for two years.
Imperialism: British in India
Imperialism: British in India
• India was GB most important colony but was a humiliation
for Indians leading to sense of nationalism.
• Raj-British rule in India left educated Indians without a
voice in their own government. British thought they were
superior and lived exclusive lives. Believed they were
bettering Indian people. Built roads, railroads, and canals
for moving troops and goods. British exploited local
resources and people, setting up the country as a center for
exports.
• Nationalism movement took several decades to gain steam.
Organizations like the Muslim League and the Indian
National Congress as well as people like Mahatma Ghandi
pushed for Indian independence.
Imperialism: East Asia and the West
Imperialism: East Asia and the West
• Chinese believed foreigners were barbaric and
restricted trade.
• Opium Wars- China did not need GB (silver), but GB
needed them (tea) creating an imbalance of trade.
British discovered the power of opium and smuggled it
into China. 1 in 10 Chinese addicted to opium. Chinese
government destroyed opium storage. British captured
Shanghai (important port) and forced Chinese to sign
Treat of Nanjing (opened up trade and allowed
westerners to live lawlessly). Qing Dynasty slowly loses
control over China and presence of foreigners
increased.
Imperialism: East Asia and the West
Imperialism: East Asia and the West
• Taiping Rebellion: Peasant rebellion led by a man (Hong
Xiuquan) who thought he was the brother of Jesus. Result
of declining imperial power. Captured large parts of China
by eventually defeated by foreign powers. 20 million
Chinese died.
• Boxer Rebellion-By the late 1800s China was weakened by
war and spheres of European influence. An secret society
called The Righteous and Harmonious Fists began a Chinese
nationalists movement by training their members in martial
arts and teaching hatred of foreigners and pride in Chinese
culture. This ended in disaster again for China.
• In 1911 a peoples revolution began that called for both
democratic and social reforms for China. By 1912
revolutionaries proclaimed a republic, and was the end of
imperial China.
Imperialism: East Asia and the West
Imperialism: East Asia and the West
• Unlike China, Japan (Tokogawa) took step to
industrialize, modernize, and create trade
relationships with western countries (by force)
under Meiji rule. Japan also established itself as a
highly organized, and militaristic state (shoguns).
• Under Meiji (Mutsuhito) rule Japan reformed its
government, industrialized and modernized, and
expanded its territory making Japan one of the
world’s industrial leaders and the most powerful
state in Asia moving into the 20th century.
Imperialism: East Asia and the West
Imperialism: East Asia and the West
• Desired for spice trade and controlled by
Dutch East India Company. Lands are
established for sugar cane, coffee, tea, and
rubber production.
• The British and the French established large
plantations, industrialized, and educated
locals largely for the benefit of colonial rule.
Imperialism: Scramble for Africa
Imperialism: The Scramble for Africa
• The colonization of Africa in the 1800s was different
than colonialism in 1400s and 1500s. Settlement was
not a goal, but rather extracting resources for profit
being the main purpose. European countries used
Africa and Asia to gain global power and influence.
• Much like Asia, individual companies established
themselves in Africa with the backing of their
government.
• Europeans saw themselves superior to Africans and
Asians, believing they were teaching Africans good
government and Christian values, and was even called
the “white man’s burden”. Europeans also used Social
Darwinism to justify their presence in Africa.
Imperialism: The Scramble for Africa
Imperialism: The Scramble for Africa
• The development of quinine, machine guns, railroads, and
steamships allowed Europeans to conquer Africa.
• The Suez Canal (1869) in Egypt, becomes controlled by the
British, and shortens the route of travel.
• Berlin Conference-In order to prevent conflict, European
powers met in 1884-1885 to divide Africa with no regard
for tribal borders.
• Boer Wars-Dutch were in South Africa since 1600s. When
gold was discovered the British arrived and claimed the
territory. The British outmanned the Dutch and absorbed
their territory.
• Belgian Congo-Ruled by Leopold II, natives were forced to
work on rubber plantations until revolting in 1908 when the
Belgian government took over.
Imperialism: Latin America
Imperialism: Latin America
• Mexico-Although Mexico attained independence in 1821,
the country had power struggles well into the 20th century.
Benito Juarez became the leader of the reform movement,
making the U.S. and ally. His successor Porfirio Diaz, began
to modernize Mexico under his militaristic rule, but over
half of the Mexican people lived in debt. Revolutionary
leaders like “Pancho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata who
supported equal rights for peasants, forced Diaz and other
corrupt leaders, out of office.
• Cuba-Nationalist movements began in 1860s. Yellow
journalism brought the U.S. to the aide of Cuba. In 1898 a
U.S. ship exploded in Cuban waters, and the U.S. declared
war on Spain. In a treaty with Spain, the U.S. received
Puerto Rice, Guam, and the Philippines.
Imperialism: Latin America
Imperialism: Latin America
• Philippines- The U.S. made the Philippines a
colony, not receiving full independence until
1946. over 200,000 Filipinos died in the fighting
against the U.S.
• Panama Canal-U.S. purchased the territory in
1903 under the guard Teddy Roosevelt and
warships. Panama was declared independent and
signed a treaty giving the U.S. the strip of land
that the canal sits on. Built from 1904-1914 the
Panama Canal shortened trips from NY to San
Francisco by 8,000 miles.