Download The united states Becomes An Imperialist power

EUGENIA LANGAN
MATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOL
HIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDA
WITH THANKS TO SUSAN POJER
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:
TODAY:
 WHY AND HOW DID THE U.S. BECOME AN
IMPERIALIST POWER?
 WHAT WAS THE EXTENT OF THE U.S. EMPIRE?
 WHAT POLITICAL ISSUES DID U.S. IMPERIALISM
CREATE?
BROAD:
 HOW DID THE U.S. BECOME A SUPERPOWER?
(YOU SHOULD HAVE A PRETTY GOOD IDEA
BY THE END OF THIS UNIT!)
 WHY DID THE U.S. BECOME AN IMPERIALIST
POWER?
1. MAIN REASON: U.S. BECAME A MAJOR
INDUSTRIAL POWER IN SECOND HALF OF 19TH
CENTURY – NEEDED FOREIGN MARKETS (AND RAW
MATERIALS NOT AVAILABLE HERE)
2. MILITARY-STRATEGIC INTERESTS
 ALFRED THAYER MAHAN, NAVY
OFFICE AND PROFESSOR AT
NAVAL WAR COLLEGE -- THE
INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER ON
HISTORY 1660 – 1783
 CONTROL OF SEAS THE BASIS
OF NATIONAL POWER (BASED ON
BRITISH EMPIRE)
 VERY INFLUENTIAL BOOK WITH
POLITICIANS AND MILITARY
3. INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL DARWINISM
 "WHITE" (EURO) NATIONS "FITTEST," BIOLOGICALLY
DESTINED TO CONQUER OTHERS (RACISM!)
 AND TO LEAD OTHERS
TO THE "BENEFITS" OF
"CIVILIZATION"
HIERARCHY OF RACES
"THE WHITE MAN'S BURDEN"
4.
MISSIONARY INTERESTS
 CHRISTIANITY IS A PROSELYTIZING RELIGION, NEEDS
NEW "MARKETS" AS MUCH AS INDUSTRIES DO. TO
BRING NON-CHRISTIANS THE "BENEFITS" OF
CHRISTIANITY (ALSO RACIST)
5. THE CLOSING OF THE AMERICAN FRONTIER – NO
MORE TO CONQUER ON THIS CONTINENT!
EARLY BEGINNINGS
 EARLIEST U.S. IMPERIALISM: LIBERIA,
ESTABLISHED BY AMERICAN COLONIAL COLONY
AS PLACE TO SEND FREED SLAVES, 1822
 U.S. NEVER ANNEXED
LIBERIA, BUT
CONTROLLED IT, 1822 –
1980
 LIBERIA'S MAIN
NATURAL RESOURCE
WAS RUBBER WHICH
U.S. NEEDED FOR TIRES
AND OTHER THINGS
HOWEVER U.S. DID NOT
(BEFORE PLASTIC).
LIBERIAN RUBBER WENT COMPETE WITH EUROPE IN
THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA
TO U.S.
SO THE U.S. BUILT ITS EMPIRE IN THE PACIFIC AND
CARIBBEAN
HAWAII – "THE CROSSROADS OF THE PACIFIC"
 PACIFIC OCEAN TOO BIG FOR SHIPS TO CROSS WITHOUT
REFUELING AND RESUPPLYING
 THE BRITISH GOT THERE FIRST IN 1788 (CAPTAIN COOK)
AND MANY EUROPEAN VISITS – SO NATIVE HAWAIIANS WERE
DECIMATED BY SMALLPOX, MEASLES BEFORE AMERICANS
ARRIVED
 FIRST AMERICANS TO ARRIVE IN HAWAII WERE
MISSIONARIES (ALL VARIETIES OF CHRISTIANS
INCLUDING MORMONS)
 NEXT TO ARRIVE, BY
1830S, WERE
AMERICAN PLANTERS
 SUGAR
 FRUIT (INCLUDING
PINEAPPLES)
IMIOLA CHURCH, HILO
© 1820
 HAWAIIAN KING
KAMEHAMEHA III (REIGNED
1824 – 1854) WAS
CHRISTIAN AND
ESTABLISHED A
CONSTITUTIONAL
MONARCHY
 HE ALSO GRANTED FOREIGNERS THE RIGHT TO
OWN LAND IN HAWAII (UNFORTUNATELY FOR HIS
DESCENDANTS!)
THE AMERICAN
VIEW OF
HAWAIIANS
 1849: FIRST OF SERIES OF
"RECIPROCITY" TREATIES
MAKING HAWAII
"PROTECTORATE" OF U.S.
 1875 RECIPROCITY TREATY:
HAWAII FORCED TO CEDE
PEARL HARBOR TO U.S.
 1890 – MCKINLEY TARIFF
IMPOSED TARIFF ON HAWAIIAN
SUGAR
 AMERICAN SUGAR
PLANTERS IN HAWAII WANT
U.S. TO ANNEX IT
 1887 -- AMERICANS FORCE KING DAVID KALAKAU
TO SIGN CONSTITUTION OF 1887 AKA "THE BAYONET
CONSTITUTION
 STRIPPED KING OF HIS
POWERS
 ESTABLISHED
LEGISLATURE – PROPERTY
QUALIFICATION FOR VOTING
SO HIGH THAT MOSTLY ONLY
AMERICANS COULD VOTE
 "KING'S" CABINET
CONSISTED OF AMERICAN
LAWYERS AND PLANTERS
 1893: QUEEN LILIUOKALANI, AN ADVOCATE OF
"HAWAII FOR HAWAIIANS" ANNOUNCED NEW
CONSTITUTION ELIMINATING FOREIGNERS IN
GOVERNMENT
AMERICAN BUSINESSMEN AND
PLANTERS, LED BY SANFORD
P. DOLE, FORMED "COMMITTEE
OF PUBLIC SAFETY"
 U.S MINISTER TO HAWAII CALLED OUT THE MARINES
(SEEN HERE IN FRONT OF HAWAIIAN ROYAL PALACE)
 QUEEN LILIUOKALANI WAS DEPOSED BY "HAWAIIAN
PEOPLE"
 1894 – 1898: "REPUBLIC OF HAWAII" LED BY DOLE
 GROVER CLEVELAND BLOCKED ANNEXATION (HE WAS
ANTI-IMPERIALIST)
 1898: MC KINLEY PRESIDENT, U.S. ANNEXED HAWAII
(CELEBRATION BELOW AT FORMER ROYAL PALACE)
JAPAN
 JAPAN SINCE LATE 17TH CENTURY HAD BEEN
ISOLATIONIST AND ANTI-WESTERN (HIDEYOSHI,
TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE)
 1853: "OPENING
OF JAPAN" -- U.S.
COMMODORE
MATTHEW PERRY
ARRIVES IN EDO
(TOKYO) WITH FOUR
BATTLESHIPS, TO
"NEGOTIATE" TRADE
TREATY
GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY
TOP IS THE U.S.S. MISSISSIPPI, ONE OF THE
BATTLESHIPS PERRY HAD AT TOKYO. RIGHT IS U.S.S.
CONGRESS, IN SAME CLASS AS ANOTHER OF PERRY’S
SHIPS. NOTE THE GUN PORTS. THE BROADSIDE WAS
DEVASTATING TO HARBOR CITIES AND TOWNS. PERRY
DIDN’T HAVE TO FIRE ON EDO – HE JUST HAD TO FIRE AS
DEMONSTRATION – THAT’S ALL IT TOOK.
PERRY’S “BLACK SHIPS”:
JAPANESE VIEW
1854 – TREATY OF KANAGAWA – “PEACE AND AMITY”
BETWEEN U.S. AND JAPAN = JAPAN FORCES TO
ALLOW U.S. EXPORTS
PERRY – THE JAPANESE AND
AMERICAN POINTS OF VIEW
 REMINDER FROM AP WORLD & EURO:
 1868 – JAPAN'S MEIJI REVOLUTION – ABOLISHED
FEUDALISM, BEGAN WESTERNIZATION AND
INDUSTRIALIZATION PROGRAM
 JAPAN WAS A MAJOR INDUSTRIAL NATION BY
END OF 19TH CENTURY AND LIKE ALL INDUSTRIAL
POWERS, WANTED EMPIRE FOR NEW MARKETS
AND RAW MATERIALS (COAL AND WOOD):
• 1894 -95: SINO-JAPANESE WAR. JAPAN GOT
"SPHERE OF INFLUENCE IN LOWER MANCHURIA,
HAD ITS EYE ON KOREA (AND ALL ASIA AND THE
PACIFIC!)
MEANWHILE IN CHINA (ANOTHER VAST MARKET)_
 OPIUM WARS  "UNEQUAL TREATIES" W/
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, CHINA CARVED INTO
"SPHERES OF INFLUENCE" IN LATE 19TH CENTURY
U.S. HAD
TRADE TREATY
WITH CHINA,
BUT NO
TERRITORY IN
ASIA (YET)
ALASKA
 PURCHASED FROM RUSSIA, 1867, FOR $7.2 MILLION
(ABOUT 2 CENTS PER ACRE)
 DERIDED AS "SEWARD'S FOLLY" AND "SEWARD'S ICEBOX"
-- THERE TURNS OUT TO BE SOME GOLD IN ALASKA BUT
UNTIL OIL WAS DISCOVERED ON NORTH SLOPE IN 1968, IT
WAS MOSTLY JUST A "FRONTIER" PLACE (ATTRACTED
LIBERTARIAN NUTS, SECESSIONISTS LIKE THE PALINS, ETC.)
MC KINLEY: "THE IMPERIALIST TAILOR"
CUBA: THE PEARL OF THE ANTILLES –
AND THE LAST SPANISH COLONY IN AMERICA
 SUGAR! FRUIT!
 RECALL OSTEND MANIFESTO
 AND SPAIN'S PHILIPPINES BECKONED – U.S.
WANTED OWN NAVAL BASE AND TERRITORY IN ASIA,
JUST LIKE THE EUROPEAN POWERS
CUBA LIBRE (?)
"THE DUTY OF THE HOUR – TO SAVE HER NOT ONLY
FROM SPAIN BUT FROM A WORSE FATE"
 CUBAN REBELLION
 BEGAN 1868
 SPAIN BRUTALLY
REPRESSED
 1895 – ORGANIZED
UPRISING/ INVASION LED BY
JOSÉ MARTI, THE GREAT
CUBAN NATIONALIST,
REVOLUTIONARY AND POET
("GUANTANAMERA") – HE
WAS KILLED IN BATTLE, 1895
FOUGHT FOR "LOS
POBRES DE LA
TIERRA"
 RECONCENTRADOS (CONCENTRATION CAMPS) –
SPANISH GOVERNOR VALERIANO ("BUTCHER")
WEYLER PUT ABOUT 500,000 GUAJIROS IN THEM TO
QUASH SUPPORT FOR REVOLUTION
 YELLOW JOURNALISM AND JINGOISM: THE MEDIA
WAR MACHINE
JOSEPH PULITZER
HEARST TO FREDERICK REMINGTON:
"YOU FURNISH THE PICTURES,
AND I’LL FURNISH THE WAR!"
WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST
BUT MC KINLEY DIDN'T WANT
WAR!
 DE LÔME LETTER – PUBLISHED IN HEARST
PAPERS, 1898
DUPUY DE LÔME, SPANISH
AMBASSADOR TO THE U.S.
CRITICIZED PRESIDENT
MCKINLEY AS WEAK AND A
BIDDER FOR THE
ADMIRATION
OF THE CROWD, ANGLING
FOR SUPPORT OF BOTH
JINGOES AND ANTIIMPERIALISTS
U.S. POPULAR REACTION =
"HOW DARE THAT SPIC
DISS OUR PRESIDENT?"
A SPANISH CARTOON
 THEODORE ROOSEVELT – NOT VERY LOYAL
ASSISTANT SECRETARY
OF THE NAVY IN THE
MCKINLEY
ADMINISTRATION.
IMPERIALIST AND
AMERICAN
NATIONALIST.
CRITICIZED PRESIDENT
MCKINLEY AS HAVING
THE BACKBONE OF A
CHOCOLATE ÉCLAIR!
RESIGNS HIS POSITION
TO FIGHT IN CUBA.
 THE U.S.S. MAINE INCIDENT, FEBRUARY 15, 1898
 JANUARY 1998: MCKINLEY SENT THE MAINE TO
HAVANA HARBOR TO "PROTECT AMERICAN CITIZENS"
 AROUND 9:30 P.M. ON FEBRUARY 15, THE MAINE
EXPLODED AND SANK IN HAVANA HARBOR – 266
SAILORS KILLED
 VERY YELLOW JOURNALISM: HEARST PAPERS
REPORTED SPAIN HAD BOMBED MAINE (NO EVIDENCE
FOR THAT!)
MCKINLEY SEND
PROVOCATIVE
DEMAND TO SPAIN
(WITHDRAW!) – SPAIN
DECLARED WAR ON
U.S. – HURRAY! NOW
U.S. COULD DECLARE
WAR ON SPAIN
 FIRST PRIORITY: THE PHILIPPINES
 MAY 1, 1898: IN A FEW HOURS, COMMODORE
GEORGE DEWEY AND U.S. FAR EAST FLEET DEFEATS
SPAIN AT MANILA
"IS HE TO BECOME A DESPOT?"
 DEWEY BROUGHT EXILED FILIPINO
REVOLUTIONARY LEADER EMILIO AGUINALDO BACK
TO MOBILIZE FILIPINOS TO FIGHT WITH U.S. AGAINST
SPAIN
 WHICH THEY DID, AND
AGUINALDO DECLARED
REPUBLIC OF PHILIPPINES
 BUT U.S. ANNEXED
PHILIPPINES  U.S.
PHILIPPINE WAR 1898 - 1902
 FIRST U.S. GOVERNOR OF PHILIPPINES, WILLIAM
HOWARD TAFT (L); THEN-MAJOR JOHN ("BLACK JACK"
PERSHING (R) MAIN MILITARY HERO OF U.S. – PHILIPPINE
WAR, WHICH FEATURED:
 CONCENTRATION CAMPS
 WATERBOARDING (T.R.
CONDEMNED AS TORTURE
 FORCING MUSLIM PRISONERS
TO EAT PORK
 CUBAN ARENA, ALSO FAST
TEDDY ROOSEVELT AND HIS "ROUGH RIDERS"
(INSPIRATION FOR THE CUB SCOUTS) – TR GOT VICEPRESIDENCY AS RESULT (THEN PRESIDENCY)
OUR SPHERE OF INFLUENCE

TREATY OF PARIS, 1898
CUBA WAS INDEPENDENT (OF SPAIN)
SPAIN GAVE UP PUERTO RICO AND GUAM.
THE U. S. PAID SPAIN
$20 MIL. FOR THE
PHILIPPINES.
THE U. S. WAS AN
IMPERIAL POWER!
 THE ANTI-IMPERIALIST LEAGUE
FOUNDED IN 1899.
MARK TWAIN, ANDREW
CARNEGIE, WILLIAM
JAMES, AND WILLIAM
JENNINGS BRYAN
AMONG THE LEADERS.
CAMPAIGNED AGAINST
THE ANNEXATION OF
THE PHILIPPINES AND
OTHER ACTS OF
IMPERIALISM.
CUBA LIBRE AHORA?
 TELLER AMENDMENT (1898): PROVISO ON
DECLARATION OF WAR: U.S. COULD NOT ANNEX
CUBA
 PLATT AMENDMENT (1903)
1. CUBA WAS NOT TO ENTER INTO ANY AGREEMENTS
WITH FOREIGN POWERS THAT WOULD ENDANGER ITS
INDEPENDENCE.
2. THE U.S. COULD INTERVENE IN CUBAN AFFAIRS IF
NECESSARY TO MAINTAIN AN EFFICIENT, INDEPENDENT
GOVERNMENT.
3. CUBA MUST LEASE GUANTANAMO BAY TO THE U.S. FOR
NAVAL AND COALING STATION.
4. CUBA MUST NOT BUILD UP AN EXCESSIVE PUBLIC
DEBT.
 1908 "GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT
A JAPANESE NOTE AGREEING
TO DENY PASSPORTS TO
LABORERS ENTERING THE U.S.
JAPAN RECOGNIZED THE U.S.
RIGHT TO EXCLUDE JAPANESE
IMMIGRANTS HOLDING
PASSPORTS ISSUED BY OTHER
COUNTRIES.
THE U.S. GOVERNMENT GOT THE
SCHOOL BOARD OF SAN
FRANCISCO TO RESCIND THEIR
ORDER TO SEGREGATE ASIANS IN
SEPARATE SCHOOLS.
PUERTO RICO
1900 - FORAKER ACT.
 PR BECAME AN “UNINCORPORATED TERRITORY.”
 CITIZENS OF PR, NOT OF THE US.
 IMPORT DUTIES ON PR GOODS
1901-1903  THE INSULAR CASES.
 CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS WERE NOT
AUTOMATICALLY EXTENDED TO TERRITORIAL
POSSESSIONS.
 CONGRESS HAD THE POWER TO DECIDE THESE
RIGHTS.
 IMPORT DUTIES LAID DOWN BY THE FORAKER
ACT WERE LEGAL!
1917 – JONES ACT.
 GAVE FULL TERRITORIAL STATUS TO PR.
 REMOVED TARIFF DUTIES ON PR GOODS
COMING INTO THE US.
 PRS ELECTED THEIR
OWN LEGISLATORS &
GOVERNOR TO ENFORCE
LOCAL LAWS.
 PRS COULD NOT VOTE
IN U.S. PRESIDENTIAL
ELECTIONS.
 A RESIDENT COMMISSIONER WAS SENT TO
WASHINGTON TO VOTE FOR PR IN THE HOUSE
("SHADOW" VOTE)
PANAMA
 1850: CLAY-BULWER TREATY
WITH BRITAIN: NEITHER PARTY
WOULD BUILD CANAL ACROSS
NICARAGUA (IN EFFECT)
 1895: GROVER CLEVELAND
AND SECRETARY OF STATE
RICHARD OLNEY ATTEMPT TO
DICTATE TO BRITAIN ABOUT
VENEZUELAN BORDER DISPUTE
(U.S. "LAW IS FIAT" IN
AMERICAS)  VERY TENSE
RELATIONS WITH BRITAIN BUT
 BRITAIN'S PROBLEMS W/
GERMANY  "GREAT
RAPPROCHEMENT"
 1901: HAY-PAUNCEFORT TREATY CEDED U.S.
RIGHT TO BUILD CANAL ACROSS PANAMA
(STARTED BY FRENCH LED BY DE LESSUPS, BUT
YELLOW FEVER STOPPED THEM)
 ONLY PROBLEM = PANAMA WAS PART OF
COLOMBIA
 NO PROBLEM! HAY-BUNAU-VARILLA TREATY:
U.S. WOULD PAY PANAMA FOR CANAL ZONE ,
PANAMA WOULD BE INDEPENDENT OF COLOMBIA
(WHICH WASN'T PARTY TO THE TREATY!)
 U.S. TOOK PANAMA, CREATED A NEW COUNTRY
THERE, AND GOT THE CANAL ZONE – BIG
STICK
THE PANAMA CANAL
TR IN PANAMA
(CONSTRUCTION
BEGINS IN 1904)
 WE COULD DO IT
THANKS TO DR. WALTER
REED, WHO FIGURED
OUT THAT MOSQUITOS
CARRY YELLOW FEVER,
 ROOSEVELT COROLLARY TO MONROE DOCTRINE
CHRONIC WRONGDOING…
MAY IN AMERICA, AS
ELSEWHERE, ULTIMATELY
REQUIRE INTERVENTION BY
SOME CIVILIZED NATION, AND
IN THE WESTERN
HEMISPHERE THE
ADHERENCE OF THE UNITED
STATES TO THE MONROE
DOCTRINE MAY FORCE THE
UNITED STATES, HOWEVER
RELUCTANTLY, IN FLAGRANT
CASES OF SUCH
WRONGDOING OR
IMPOTENCE, TO THE
EXERCISE OF AN
INTERNATIONAL POLICE
POWER .
SPEAK SOFTLY,
BUT CARRY A BIG STICK!
 CHINA – BOXER REBELLION, 1898 – 1901
 “SOCIETY OF RIGHTEOUS FISTS OF HARMONY” –
ANTI-WESTERN, ANTI-IMPERIALIST

"55 DAYS AT PEKING": BOXERS HELD WESTERN
DIPLOMATICS AND MISSIONARIES CAPTIVE IN THE
LEGATION DISTRICT FOR 55 DAYS, 1900
 RESCUE BY TROOPS OF "EIGHT-NATION GROUP" =
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES PLUS U.S. THAT TAKES
OVER PEKING
IMPERIALISM, PRO AND
CON. PAINTING OF U.S.
SOLDIERS VALIANTLY
SCALING WALLS OF PEKING,
AND POLITICAL CARTOON
U.S. SOLDIERS IN PEKING, 1900
 U.S. OPEN DOOR POLICY IN CHINA, 1899
SECRETARY JOHN HAY.
GIVE ALL NATIONS EQUAL
ACCESS TO TRADE IN CHINA.
GUARANTEED THAT CHINA WOULD NOT BE TAKEN
OVER BY ANY ONE FOREIGN POWER – MEANING, NOT
JAPAN.
U.S. PACIFIC POWER – WAR WITH JAPAN ALMOST
INEVITABLE!
THE FLEDGLING SUPERPOWER
"THE CARES OF A GROWING FAMILY"
CONSTABLE OF THE WORLD
 TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH, NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1905:
TEDDY MEDIATED TREATY IN RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR
 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE (AND SOME MOCKERY) FOR
TEDDY
THE U.S. ROLE - AS SEEN IN U.S., AND IN FRANCE
 THE GREAT WHITE FLEET, 1907: AROUND THE
WORLD TO DEMONSTRATE U.S. NAVAL POWER
 1908 "GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT WITH JAPAN
A JAPANESE NOTE AGREEING
TO DENY PASSPORTS TO
LABORERS ENTERING THE U.S.
JAPAN RECOGNIZED THE U.S.
RIGHT TO EXCLUDE JAPANESE
IMMIGRANTS HOLDING
PASSPORTS ISSUED BY OTHER
COUNTRIES.
THE U.S. GOVERNMENT GOT THE
SCHOOL BOARD OF SAN
FRANCISCO TO RESCIND THEIR
ORDER TO SEGREGATE ASIANS IN
SEPARATE SCHOOLS.
 ROOT-TAKAHIRA AGREEMENT, 1908
 MUTUAL RECOGNITION OF TERRITORIAL STATUS
QUO:
 JAPAN RECOGNIZED U.S. CLAIM TO HAWAII
 U.S. RECOGNIZED JAPAN'S CLAIM TO MANCHURIA
AND KOREA
 BUT JAPAN ALSO RECOGNIZED U.S. OPEN-DOOR
POLICY IN CHINA
EFFORTS TO EASE TENSIONS WITH JAPAN
 ELIHU ROOT: SECRETARY
OF WAR AND STATE TO T.R.,
THEN U.S. SENATOR
 1912: WON NOBEL PEACE
PRIZE FOR ENCOURAGING
DIPLOMACY AND
INTERNATIONAL COURT TO
RESOLVE DISPUTES AMONG
NATIONS (BUT 1914 – WWI!)
 THE GREAT WHITE FLEET, 1907: AROUND THE
WORLD TO DEMONSTRATE U.S. NAVAL POWER
TAFT’S “DOLLAR DIPLOMACY”
IMPROVE FINANCIAL
OPPORTUNITIES FOR
AMERICAN BUSINESSES.
USE PRIVATE CAPITAL TO
FURTHER U. S.
INTERESTS
OVERSEAS.
THEREFORE, THE U.S.
SHOULD CREATE
STABILITY AND ORDER
ABROAD THAT WOULD
BEST PROMOTE
AMERICA’S COMMERCIAL
INTERESTS.
U.S. FOREIGN INVESTMENTS, 1869 - 1908
U.S. EXPORTS AND IMPORTS,
1870-1902
 WOODROW WILSON'S "MORAL DIPLOMACY"
THE U. S. SHOULD
BE THE CONSCIENCE
OF THE WORLD.
SPREAD DEMOCRACY.
PROMOTE PEACE.
CONDEMN
COLONIALISM.
WILSON’S MORAL DIPLOMACY IN MEXICO
 MEXICAN REVOLUTION, 1910-20 (AGAINST DICTATOR
PORFIRIO DIAZ, THEN CIVIL WAR)
 1914: WILSON SENT U.S. TROOPS TO VERACRUZ TO
PREVENT GERMAN SHIP FROM DELIVERING ARMS TO
FORCES OF VICTORIANO HUERTA (ALSO DICTATOR!)
 WHY? U.S. CITIZENS OWNED ABOUT 40% OF LAND IN
MEXICO
 TAMPICO AFFAIR (MINOR NON-DEADLY
CONFRONTATION BETWEEN 9 U.S. SAILORS ON
WHALEBOAT AND MEXICAN FEDERALES 
 WILSON GOT CONGRESS TO AUTHORIZE OCCUPATION
OF VERACRUZ (1ST STEP TO ANNEXATION?)
 ABC CONFERENCE 1914, NIAGARA FALLS, NY
(ARGENTINA, BRAZIL, CHILE): SOUTH-AMERICAN
COUNTRIES CONDEMN U.S. IMPERIALISM 
 ABC PACT (NON-AGRESSION, MEDIATION: U.S.
WITHDREW, BUT . . .
 1916: U.S. (PERSHING) BACK IN MEXICO TO
HUNT DOWN PANCHO VILLA (FOR RAID ON
COLUMBUS, N.M.)
PERSHING AND VILLA IN 1914, WHEN WE SUPPORTED
HIM – U.S. REMAINED IN MEXICO UNTIL 1917 (WWI!)
U. S. GLOBAL INVESTMENTS &
INVESTMENTS IN LATIN AMERICA, 1914
THE MONROE DOCTRINE FULFILLED!
U.S. MILITARY INTERVENTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA
1890 -1930s
AND THAT WAS JUST THE BEGINNING!