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French & Indian War
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11: History of Anglo-Franco Conflict
2 2: Clash of Expanding Empires
33: War Begins in North America
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4 4: Early French Military Success
5 5: Later British Military Success
66: Results & Exchange of Territories
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1
History of Anglo-Franco Conflict
Dating back to the 1500s, there were at least a handful of times
that the French and the English were allies in war. In recent history, the two
countries were on the same side for World War I and World War II, as well
as several conflicts since then, such as the Korean War, the Vietnam War
and the Afghan War. As members of the United Nations, N.A.T.O. and the
League of Nations over the last 100 years, there has been relative peace
between England and France.
World War I
World War II
1
History of Anglo-Franco Conflict
Despite the recent friendship, England and France have been bitter
enemies throughout most of their history. They fought so often, in fact, that
many of the wars were simply known by the duration of the conflict (e.g.
‘Hundred Years’ War’, ‘Nine Years’ War’ or ‘Seven Years’ War’).
1
History of Anglo-Franco Conflict
Since the Norman Invasion almost 1,000 years ago, at least twenty
major conflicts have occurred between the two nations, as seen on the
timeline below. After the Reformation of the 1500s, several of the conflicts
were driven by religious motives as France was predominantly Catholic and
England predominantly Protestant.
Norman
Conquest
(1066)
Hundred Years’
War (1337-1453)
Breton War
(1076-77)
War of St.
Sardos (1324)
Vexin War
(1087-98)
Saintonge
War (1242)
Rebellion
of 1088
Henry II vs.
Philip II 1208-13
Anglo-Norman
War (1101)
Anglo-Norman
War (1105-06)
1000
1100
Italian Wars
(1511-59)
Napoleonic
Wars (1792-15)
American Revolution
(1775-83)
Anglo-French
War (1627-29)
Seven Years’
War (1754-63)
Anglo-Dutch
War (1666-67)
Nine Years’ War
(1688-97)
Stephen/Matilda
Civil War 1135-54
War of Austrian
Succession (1740-48)
War of Spanish
Succession (1702-13)
Anglo-French
War (1117-20)
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
1
History of Anglo-Franco Conflict
Get the names
straight!!!
English
England
Anglo
British
Brits
Britain
‘Roast Beef’
Throughout the slides,
many different names
are used to mean the
same thing. Familiarize
yourself with these lists
so that you can tell the
difference between the
names of the two
countries and the
people who live there.
French
France
Frank
Franco
Gauls
Norman
‘Frog’
2
Clash of Expanding Empires
Spain: During the Age of
Exploration, Spain boasted the largest
empire since Genghis Khan’s Mongol
Empire in the 1200s. Beginning with
Columbus’ 1492 voyage, Spain
dominated in the Americas. Led by
Cortes, they overthrew the powerful
Aztecs in Central America and led by
Pizarro, Spanish soldiers took down
the wealthy and powerful Incans of
South America. The Spanish profited
from crops such as sugar and tobacco
and by extracting fabulous amounts of
gold from the lands they conquered.
Much like the Portuguese, the Spanish
were mostly Catholic and set up
Catholic missions in the areas they
controlled.
2
Clash of Expanding Empires
England: After Protestant
England defeated the Armada of
Catholic Spain in a naval battle in 1588,
England began to dominate as the
world’s next super-power. They
expanded control of valuable territories
rich in resources and advantageous for
trading. The British Empire grew
wealthy on Asian Spices, African slaves,
and North American raw materials.
Only when England’s North American colonies declared
independence did England begin to loose much of their power and
dominance. The newly formed nation called the United States decisively
defeated England in two wars; The Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.
2
Clash of Expanding Empires
France: The French also claimed
land on the North American
continent as well as having the
largest piece of the African pie. The
French were perpetually in conflict
with the English over territorial
claims. The two countries were at
war so often that their disputes were
just given a length; like the Hundred
Years’ War or the Seven Years’ War.
France
3
War Begins in North America
The French & Indian War was a major theater of the
Seven Years’ War between France and England. During the
Seven Years’ War, French and English forces fought each other
all around the world. Although the war was fought in Central
America, Africa, India, Europe and the Philippines, the first
fighting took place in North America.
Third
Silesian War
Third
Carnatic War
AngloSpanish War
(planned) French
Invasion of England
Pomeranian
War
Seven Years’ War
Seven Years’
War: West Africa
French &
Indian War
Seven Years’ War:
West Indies
SpanishPortuguese War
3
War Begins in North America
The French & Indian War, as colonists of British North
America called it, started in 1754, but turned into a worldwide
conflict by 1756. The French & Indian War lasted 9 years
(1754-1763), but the worldwide English and French conflict, the
so-called Seven Years’ War, officially began in 1756 and ended
in 1763.
Third
Silesian War
Third
Carnatic War
AngloSpanish War
(planned) French
Invasion of England
Pomeranian
War
Seven Years’ War
Seven Years’
War: West Africa
French &
Indian War
Seven Years’ War:
West Indies
SpanishPortuguese War
3
War Begins in North America
By the 1750s, only about 75,000 French colonists lived
in North America. There were almost 20 times as many British
colonists (1.5 million). Many native tribes controlled areas
between the British Colonies and France’s Louisiana Territory.
Fur trading was a major source of revenue, especially for
French traders. Guns were often exchanged with natives for
beaver pelts.
3
War Begins in North America
The war began with the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754.
This battle broke out when 21-year old major George
Washington, along with British and Iroquois troops came upon a
French scouting party and killed many of them. The skull of the
French commanding officer, Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, was
split open by an Iroquois tomahawk during the battle.
3
War Begins in North America
With a war on the horizon, the French recruited Native
American trade partners like the Huron, Mississauga, Ojibwa,
Winnebago and Potawatomi to fight against the English. The
English used Iroquois and Cherokees until the Cherokee
turned against them in 1758.
Huron
Iroquois
4
Early French Military Success
In 1755, the British planned to capture French forts in
the north around Nova Scotia. Over 1,000 of the 1,500 British
soldiers were killed in a series of ambushes by French and
Indian soldiers. The French and their Native American allies
hid behind trees and rocks in guerilla warfare fashion. George
Washington helped organize the retreat of the remaining 500
troops to Virginia.
4
Early French Military Success
The French also managed to get copies of the British
war plans. Over the next few years, the French were hugely
successful. They were able to fight off the English attempts to
take various forts around the Great Lakes region.
4
Early French Military Success
However, when England and France formally declared
war on one another in 1756, the war went global. This meant
that troops from both sides would be needed elsewhere in the
world. And since the British already had 20 times as many
people on the continent, the momentum was about to shift to
the English.
5
Later British Military Success
One of the British strategies by 1758 was to use their
naval superiority and to cut off the French supply lines along
the coast. Also, France’s Native American allies began to
withdraw from their military commitments. Many blamed the
French for bringing ‘bad medicine’ since large numbers of
natives were suffering from smallpox.
Meeting of Huron leaders
as featured in the 1992 film
Last of the Mohicans
5
Later British Military Success
British victories gave them control of coveted forts along
the frontier from Ohio to Canada. Fort Ticonderoga, which had
been fought over for years, was finally in British control by
1759, as was Fort Niagara. The city of Montreal was also
captured as British naval forces secured victories around
Quebec.
British and French naval battle
from the French & Indian War
6
Results & Exchange of Territories
Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762) - Prussia and Russia
agreed to a peace treaty
Treaty of Hamburg (1762) - Sweden and Prussia agreed to
stop fighting over Pomerania
France, Spain, Austria, Russia
England, Prussia, Portugal
6
Results & Exchange of Territories
Treaty of Paris (1763) – After nine years of fighting, France and
England, along with Spain and Portugal, agreed to end the
French & Indian War on the Continent of North America
France, Spain, Austria, Russia
England, Prussia, Portugal
6
Results & Exchange of Territories
Treaty of Hubertusburg (1763) - After Prussia attacked Saxony
in 1756, Prussia, Austria and Saxony agreed to revert back to
original borders and to stop fighting over Silesia in Europe
France, Spain, Austria, Russia
England, Prussia, Portugal
6
Results & Exchange of Territories
Additionally, Spain gave part of Florida to Britain while
Britain gave part of Cuba back to Spain. France gave the
Louisiana territory west of the Mississippi to its ally Spain since
Spain lost land in Florida. France lost everything in the
Caribbean except for the Islands of Pierre and Miquelon
France, Spain, Austria, Russia
England, Prussia, Portugal
6
Results & Exchange of Territories
French & Indian War Timeline
History of AngloFranco Conflict
Clash of Expanding
Empires
Fighting in North
America Begins
Early French
Later British
Military Success Military Success
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
Results & Exchange
of Territories
1761
1762
1763