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5 Analytic Trigonometry Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5.5 Multiple–Angle and Product–to–Sum Formulas Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. What You Should Learn • • • Use multiple–angle formulas to rewrite and evaluate trigonometric functions Use power–reducing formulas to rewrite and evaluate trigonometric functions Use half–angle formulas to rewrite and evaluate trigonometric functions 3 Multiple–Angle Formulas 4 Multiple – Angle Formulas In this section, you will study four additional categories of trigonometric identities. 1. The first category involves functions of multiple angles such as sin ku and cos ku. 2. The second category involves squares of trigonometric functions such as sin2u. 3. The third category involves functions of half–angles such as 4. The fourth category involves products of trigonometric functions such as sin u cos v. 5 Use the sine sum formula to verify the identity: sin 2 2sin cos sin 2 sin( ) sin cos cos sin 2sin cos 2sin cos 6 Use the cosine sum formula to verify the identity: cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 cos(2 ) cos( ) cos cos sin sin cos sin cos sin 2 2 2 2 7 Use the tangent sum formula to verify the identity: 2 tan tan 2 1 tan 2 tan 2 tan( ) 2 tan tan tan 2 1 tan tan 1 tan 8 Multiple – Angle Formulas You should learn the double–angle formulas below because they are used often in trigonometry and calculus. 9 Example 1 – Solving a Multiple –Angle Equation Solve 2 cos x + sin 2x = 0. Solution: Begin by rewriting the equation so that it involves functions of x (rather than 2x). Then factor and solve as usual. 2cos x + sin 2x = 0 2 cos x + 2 sin x cos x = 0 2 cosx(1 + sin x) = 0 Write original equation. Double–angle formula Factor. 10 Example 1 – Solution 2 cos x = 0 1 + sin x = 0 Set factors equal to zero. sin x = –1 cos x = 0 cont’d Isolate trigonometric functions. Solutions in [0, 2) So, the general solution is x= + 2n and x= + 2n General solution where n is an integer. Try verifying this solution graphically. 11 Example: Solve the equation on [0, 2 ) : sin 2 x sin x cos x x Precalculus 3 3 5 7 , , 2 2 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 12 12 5.5 Multiple Angle and Product- You Try: Solve the equation on [0, 2 ) : cos 2x cos x 0 2 4 x , ,0 3 3 Precalculus 13 13 5.5 Multiple Angle and Product- Example:Use the following to find sin 2 , cos2 , tan 2 : : 5 cos 13 3 2 2 sin 2 120 119 120 , cos 2 , tan 2 169 169 119 14 Example:Use the following to find sin 2 , cos2 , tan 2 : : csc u 3 2 u 4 2 7 4 2 sin 2 , cos 2 , tan 2 9 9 7 15 Example: Verify the identity sin10x 2sin5x cos5x. sin10x sin 2 5x 2sin5x cos5x Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 16 You Try: Solve the equation: sin 2 x cos 2 x 2 1 n x 4 Precalculus 17 17 5.5 Multiple Angle and Product- Homework Day 1 5.5 pg. 382 1-25 odd 19 5.5 Day 2 HWQ 20 Derive Power-Reducing You should learn the double–angle formulas below because they are used often in trigonometry and calculus. Using the 2nd two cosine double angle formulas, solve for sin2x and cos2x to derive power reducing formulas for sine, cosine, and tan. 21 Power–Reducing Formulas The double–angle formulas can be used to obtain the following power–reducing formulas. 22 Example 4 – Reducing a Power Rewrite sin4x as a sum of first powers of the cosines of multiple angles. Solution: sin4x = (sin2x)2 Power–reducing formula = = Property of exponents (1 – 2 cos2x + cos22x) Expand binomial. Power–reducing formula 23 Example 4 – Solution cont’d Distributive Property Simplify. Factor. 24 Half–Angle Formulas 25 Half–Angle Formulas You can derive some useful alternative forms of the power–reducing formulas by replacing u with u/2. The results are called half-angle formulas. 26 Example 5 – Using a Half–Angle Formula Find the exact value of sin 105. Solution: Begin by noting that 105 is half of 210. Then, using the half–angle formula for sin(u/2) and the fact that 105 lies in Quadrant II, you have The positive square root is chosen because sin is positive in Quadrant II. 27 Example 6 – Solving a Trigonometric Equation Find all solutions of in the interval [0, 2). Solution: Write original equation. Half-angle formula 1 + cos2x = 1 + cos x cos2 x – cos x = 0 Simplify. Simplify. 28 Example 6 – Solution cos x(cos x – 1) = 0 cont’d Factor. By setting the factors cos x and cos x – 1 equal to zero, you find that the solutions in the interval [0,2 ) are x = , x= , and x = 0. 29 Product–to–Sum Formulas Each of the following product–to–sum formulas is easily verified using the sum and difference formulas . 30 Example 7 – Writing Products as Sums Rewrite the product as a sum or difference. cos 5x sin 4x Solution: Using the appropriate product-to-sum formula, you obtain cos 5x sin 4x = [sin(5x + 4x) – sin(5x – 4x)] = sin 9x – sin x. 31 Sum–to–Product Formulas 32 Example 8 – Using a Sum–to–Product Formula Find the exact value of cos 195° + cos 105°. Solution: Using the appropriate sum-to-product formula, you obtain cos 195° + cos 105° = = 2 cos 150° cos 45° 33 Homework Day 2 5.5 pg. 382 33-61 odd 34