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World History: Connection to Today, Modern Era
Chapter 8, Section
Chapter 8
Revolutions in Europe and
Latin America
1790–1848
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
World History: Connection to Today, Modern Era
Chapter 8, Section
Chapter 8: Revolutions in Europe and Latin America
1790–1848
Section 1: An Age of Ideologies
Section 2: Revolution of 1830 and 1848
Section 3: Latin American Wars for
Independence
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Chapter 8, Section 1
An Age of Ideologies
• What were the goals of conservatives?
• How did liberalism and nationalism challenge
the old order?
• Why was Europe plagued by revolts after
1815?
Chapter 8, Section 1
Opposing Ideologies
At the Congress of Vienna, the powers of Europe tried to
turn the clock back to the way things had been before
1789.
Other voices, however, kept challenging the order imposed
by the Congress of Vienna.
The clash of people with opposing ideologies, or systems
of thought and belief, plunged Europe into more than 30
years of turmoil.
Chapter 8, Section 1
What Were the Goals of Conservatives?
Conservatives pursued the following goals:
• Restore royal families to the thrones they had lost when
Napoleon swept across Europe.
• Maintain a social hierarchy in which lower classes
respected and obeyed their social superiors.
•
Maintain an established church.
• Suppress revolutionary ideas.
Chapter 8, Section 1
The Liberal and Nationalist Challenge
Challenging the conservatives at every turn were liberals and
nationalists who were inspired by the Enlightenment and the
French Revolution.
LIBERALISM
Liberals wanted:
•
Governments based on
written constitutions and
separation of powers.
•
Natural rights of liberty,
equality, and prosperity.
•
Rulers elected by the
people and responsible to
them.
•
A republican form of
government.
•
Laissez-faire economics.
NATIONALISM
•
•
•
National groups who shared
a common heritage set out
to win their own states.
Nationalism gave people
with a common heritage a
sense of identity.
Nationalism often bred
intolerance and led to
persecution of other ethnic
or national groups.
Chapter 8, Section 1
Revolts Against the Old Order
Spurred by the ideas of liberalism and nationalism, revolutionaries
fought against the old order.
•
In the the Balkans, first Serbia, and later Greece fought for
and won independence from their Ottoman rulers.
•
In Spain, Portugal, and various states in the Italian
peninsula, rebels struggled to gain constitutional
governments. In response, a French army marched over
the Pyrenees to suppress the revolts in Spain. Austrian
forces crossed the Alps to smash rebellious outbreaks in
Italy.
Chapter 8, Section 1
Chapter 1 Assessment
Liberals wanted which of the following?
a) a monarchy
b) a limit on popular elections
c) government regulation of economic activity
d) a republican form of government
Serbia and Greece were both able to win independence from
a) the British.
b) the Ottomans.
c) the Hapsburgs.
d) the French.
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Chapter 8, Section 1
Chapter 1 Assessment
Liberals wanted which of the following?
a) a monarchy
b) a limit on popular elections
c) government regulation of economic activity
d) a republican form of government
Serbia and Greece were both able to win independence from
a) the British.
b) the Ottomans.
c) the Hapsburgs.
d) the French.
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Chapter 8, Section 2
Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
• Why did revolutions occur in France in 1830
and 1848?
• How did revolution spread in 1830?
• What were the results of the 1848
revolutions?
Chapter 8, Section 2
Why Did Revolutions Occur in France in 1830 and 1848?
1830
1848
Charles X, a strong believer in
absolutism, suspended the
legislature, limited the right to vote,
and restricted the press.
When the government tried to
silence critics and prevent public
meetings, angry crowds took to the
streets.
Liberals and radicals rebelled
and took control of Paris.
Louis Philippe abdicated.
Moderate liberals put in place a
constitutional monarchy, and
chose Louis Philippe as king.
Revolutionary leaders
proclaimed a Second Republic.
Chapter 8, Section 2
How Did Revolution Spread in 1830?
The revolts in Paris inspired uprisings elsewhere in Europe.
Most were suppressed by military force. But here and there,
rebels did win changes from conservative governments. Even
when they failed, revolutionaries frightened rulers badly enough
to encourage reform later in the century.
Belgium The one notable success for Europe’s revolutionaries
in 1830 took place in Belgium. The Congress of Vienna had
united Belgium and Holland under the Dutch king. The Belgians
resented this arrangement and pushed for independence. In
1831, Belgium became an independent state with a liberal
constitution.
Poland Nationalists in Poland staged an uprising in 1830.
However, the rebels failed to gain widespread support, and
were brutally crushed by Russian forces.
Chapter 8, Section 2
Revolutions in Europe, 1830 and 1848
Chapter 8, Section 2
Revolutions of 1848
In 1848, revolts in Paris again unleashed a tidal wave of revolution
across Europe.
•
In Austria, revolts caused Metternich to resign. The Austrian
government agreed to reforms, but these gains were temporary.
With Russian help, Austrian forces defeated the rebels. Many
were imprisoned, executed, or exiled.
•
Nationalists in Italy rebelled against Austrian Hapsburg rulers.
They expelled the pope and installed a nationalist government.
Before long, Austrian troops ousted the new government and the
French army restored the pope to power.
•
In Prussia, liberals forced King Frederick William IV to agree to a
constitution written by an elected assembly. Within a year,
Frederick dissolved the assembly and issued his own
constitution keeping power in his own hands.
Chapter 8, Section 2
Why Did the Uprisings Fail?
By 1850 the rebellions had faded, ending the age of liberal
revolution that had begun in 1789.
• Rulers used military force to suppress the uprisings.
• Revolutionaries did not have mass support.
• A growing gulf divided workers seeking radical
economic change and liberals pursuing moderate
political reforms.
Chapter 8, Section 2
Section 2 Assessment
In 1848, revolutions took place in all of the following places, except
a) Paris.
b) Vienna.
c) Rome.
d) Warsaw.
What is one reason that many of the uprisings failed?
a) Revolutionaries did not have mass support.
b) Many peasants sided with the monarchies.
c) Revolutionaries were not certain of their goals.
d) Many radicals were unwilling to fight for what they believed in.
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Chapter 8, Section 2
Section 2 Assessment
In 1848, revolutions took place in all of the following places, except
a) Paris.
b) Vienna.
c) Rome.
d) Warsaw.
What is one reason that many of the uprisings failed?
a) Revolutionaries did not have mass support.
b) Many peasants sided with the monarchies.
c) Revolutionaries were not certain of their goals.
d) Many radicals were unwilling to fight for what they believed in.
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Chapter 8, Section 3
Latin American Wars of Independence
• What caused discontent in Latin America?
• How did Haitians, Mexicans, and people in
Central America win independence?
• How did nations of South America win
independence?
Chapter 8, Section 3
What Caused Discontent in Latin America?
By the late 1700s, the revolutionary fever that gripped
Western Europe had spread to Latin America. There, discontent
was rooted in the social, racial, and political
system that had
emerged during 300 years of Spanish
rule.
•
•
•
•
Creoles resented their second-class status.
Mestizos and mulattoes were angry at being denied
the status, wealth, and power available to whites.
Native Americans suffered economic misery under the
Spanish.
Enslaved Africans who worked on plantations longed
for freedom.
Chapter 8, Section 3
Struggles for Independence
HAITI
MEXICO
In 1791, Toussaint L’Ouverture
led slaves in revolt.
Father Miguel Hidalgo and José
Morales led popular revolts.
By 1798, enslaved Haitians
had been freed.
Rebels led by Agustín de Iturbide
overthrew the Spanish viceroy,
creating an independent
Mexico.
In 1802, Napoleon sent an
army to recapture Haiti.
Napoleon’s forces agreed to a
truce, or temporary peace.
In 1804, Haitian leaders
declared independence.
Iturbide took the title of emperor,
but was quickly overthrown.
Liberal Mexicans set up the
Republic of Mexico.
CENTRAL AMERICA
Spanish-ruled lands declared
their independence in the
early 1820s.
Local leaders set up the
United Provinces of Central
America.
The union soon fragmented
into separate republics of
Guatemala, Nicaragua,
Honduras, El Salvador, and
Costa Rica.
Chapter 8, Section 3
Independence in South America
In South America, Native Americans had rebelled against Spanish
rule as early as the 1700s, with limited results. It was not until the
1800s that discontent sparked a widespread drive for independence.
Simon Bolívar, called “The Liberator,” led an uprising that established a
republic in Venezuela. He then captured Bogotá, Ecuador, Peru, and
Bolivia.
•
In 1816, José de San Martín helped Argentina win freedom
from Spain. He then joined forces with Bolívar.
•
Bolívar tried to unite the liberated lands into a single nation
called Gran Columbia. However, bitter rivalries made that
dream impossible. Before long, Gran Columbia split into
three independent countries: Venezuela, Columbia, and
Ecuador.
Chapter 8, Section 3
Independent Nations of Latin America About 1844
Chapter 8, Section 3
Independence Movements in Latin America
Long-Term Causes
European domination of Latin America
Spread of Enlightenment ideas
American and French revolutions
Growth of nationalism in Latin America
Immediate Effects
Toussaint L‘Ouverture leads slave
revolt in Haiti
Bolívar, San Martín, and others lead
successful revolts in Latin America
Colonial rule ends in much of Latin
America
Immediate Causes
People of Latin America resent colonial
rule and social injustices
Revolutionary leaders emerge
Napoleon invades Spain and ousts
Spanish king
Long-Term Effects
Attempts made to rebuild economies
18 separate republics set up
Continuing efforts to achieve stable
democratic governments and to gain
economic independence
Chapter 8, Section 3
Section 3 Assessment
Toussaint l’Ouverture led a slave revolt in
a) Mexico.
b) Haiti.
c) Ecuador.
d) Gran Columbia.
Who was known as “The Liberator”?
a) Miguel Hidalgo
b) José de San Martín
c) Simon Bolívar
d) Agustín de Iturbide
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Chapter 8, Section 3
Section 3 Assessment
Toussaint l’Ouverture led a slave revolt in
a) Mexico.
b) Haiti.
c) Ecuador.
d) Gran Columbia.
Who was known as “The Liberator”?
a) Miguel Hidalgo
b) José de San Martín
c) Simon Bolívar
d) Agustín de Iturbide
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