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HOLT World History CHAPTER 15 THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Renaissance and Reformation Section 1: The Italian Renaissance Section 2: The Northern Renaissance Section 3: The Protestant Reformation Section 4: The Catholic Reformation Section 5: Culture and Daily Life HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT World History Section 1: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Italian Renaissance Objectives: Identify the factors that led to the Italian Renaissance and describe the characteristics of Renaissance thought. Explain how Renaissance writers combined classical teachings and Christian doctrine. Describe how Renaissance art differed from art of the Middle Ages. 2 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT World History Section 1: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Italian Renaissance An Era of Awakening Causes – ruins of Roman Empire, Byzantines had preserved Greek and Roman learning, trade with Asia and Africa The humanities – crucial approach to learning, studied classics, admired human achievement 3 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT World History Section 1: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Italian Renaissance Italian Renaissance Writers Petrarch – studied classical writers, believed it is important to lead a full and active life here on earth Machiavelli – lack of concern for conventional morality 4 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT World History Section 1: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Italian Renaissance Italian Renaissance Artists Realistic scenes and images instead of religious concerns Leonardo da Vinci – The Last Supper and Mona Lisa Michelangelo – Sistine Chapel ceiling 5 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT World History Section 2: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Northern Renaissance Objectives: Explain how the ideas of the Italian Renaissance spread to other parts of Europe. Describe how northern Renaissance writers differed from Italian humanists. List the principal characteristics of northern Renaissance art. 6 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT World History Section 2: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Northern Renaissance The Spread of Ideas Johannes Gutenberg – used movable type to print books, copies of Bible 7 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT World History Section 2: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Northern Renaissance Northern Renaissance Writers Desiderius Erasmus – studied early Christian as well as classical culture Thomas More – Utopia William Shakespeare – transformed well-known stories into dramatic masterpieces 8 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT World History Section 2: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Northern Renaissance Northern Renaissance Artists Great attention to detail, facial expressions Realistic human figures and subject matter 9 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT World History Section 3: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Protestant Reformation Objectives: Discuss the developments that led to the Reformation. Describe how Martin Luther protested against the Roman Catholic Church and began a new church. Identify the factors that caused the spread of Protestantism. Explain the role that Calvinism played in the Reformation. 10 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT World History Section 3: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Protestant Reformation An Era of Reform Causes – humanists urged believers who were unhappy with traditional religion to withdraw from the church and meet with like-minded people The beginning – popes sold indulgences to raise money 11 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT World History Section 3: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther Luther’s protest – publicly challenged the selling of indulgences in 95 theses Break with the church – Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther, Diet of Worms Protestantism – the princes supporting Luther protested the emperor’s treatment of him 12 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT World History Section 3: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Protestant Reformation The Spread of Protestantism The rise of sects – societies of a few people led by a preacher The Anglican Church – Henry VIII’s desire for a divorce caused him to create the Church of England which did grant the divorce 13 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT World History Section 3: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Protestant Reformation Calvinism Calvin’s church – The Institutes of the Christian Religion emphasized predestination, righteous living Calvinism spreads – Huguenots in France, minorities in Poland, Hungary, Scotland, Netherlands, England, North American colonies 14 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT World History Section 4: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Catholic Reformation Objectives: Describe how the Catholic Church responded to the Reformation. Discuss the results of the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation. 15 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT World History Section 4: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Catholic Reformation The Counter-Reformation Counter-Reformation tactics – inquisition, Index of Forbidden Books The Council of Trent – clarified doctrines, emphasized ceremonies Soldiers of the Counter-Reformation – Jesuits founded by Ignatius de Loyola 16 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT World History Section 4: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Catholic Reformation Results of the Religious Upheaval Diversity of churches appeared Education grew National governments gained more power 17 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT World History Section 5: THE HUMAN JOURNEY Culture and Daily Life Objectives: Explain why Europeans believed in superstitions. Describe the characteristics of daily life that were typical in Europe during the Reformation. Explain how knowledge spread to European villages. Identify the factors that caused changes in the daily lives of Europeans. 18 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT World History Section 5: THE HUMAN JOURNEY Culture and Daily Life Superstitions The world of spirits – believed God was a distant, unknowable force; people looked for explanations of and control over daily life Belief in witchcraft – wise people who gave explanations were witches 19 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT World History Section 5: THE HUMAN JOURNEY Culture and Daily Life Daily Life Forms of recreation – people came together to drink, sew, do simple chores, or tell stories Violence and protest in the village – close-knit communities; quarrels were common 20 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT World History Section 5: THE HUMAN JOURNEY Culture and Daily Life The Spread of Knowledge Books for the masses – broadsides, almanacs Religious ideas and education – printed books became available, primary schools were founded 21 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT World History Section 5: THE HUMAN JOURNEY Culture and Daily Life Changes in Daily Life The economy – standard of living rose for some Diet – new spices and vegetables Housing – people moved from country to cities; had only necessities Decline of traditional culture – rational thinking more widespread 22 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON