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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
The Muslim World Expands, 1300-1700
Three great Muslim powers—the
Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal
empires—emerge between 1300 and
1600. By 1700 all three were in decline.
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Ottoman Empire: now modern Turkey,
Iraq, and other places (Sunni Muslim);
more tolerant
Safavid: modern Iran (Shiite Muslim);
not so tolerant, but not as bad as ISIS
Mughal: modern Indian subcontinent
(Muslim, Hindu); more tolerant
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
The Muslim World Expands, 1300-1700
SECTION 11
SECTION
The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
SECTION 22
SECTION
CASE STUDY: Cultural Blending
SECTION 33
SECTION
The Mughal Empire in India
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Section-1
The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
The Ottomans establish a Muslim
empire that combine many
cultures and lasted for more than
600 years.
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Section-1
The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
Turks Move into Byzantium
Turkish Warriors
•Many Turks lived in Anatolia,
on edge of Byzantine Empire
•ghazis—warriors who fight
for Islam
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Continued…
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Osman Establishes a State
• From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds
state in Anatolia
• Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans
• Power vacuum
• Initially he used fast horses and short bows
• Eventually the Ottomans used muskets and cannons
• Successors expand state through alliances
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Turks Move into Byzantium {continued}
Osman Establishes a State
•Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares
himself sultan—overlord or king
•Ottomans rule fairly over conquered
peoples
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Timur the Lame Halts Expansion
• Timur the Lame—
Tamerlane—rises to power
in Central Asia
• Timur defeats Ottomans in
1402, burning Baghdad
• Slows Ottoman expansion
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion
Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople
• Mehmed II, conquers Constantinople in 1453
• Why did he want Constantinople?
• Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims
and rebuilds
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities
• In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s
grandson, came to power
• He defeated Persian Safavids and
pushes into North Africa
• Conquered Mecca, Medina, and Cairo:
important Muslim cities
• Conquered Jerusalem
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Suleyman the Lawgiver
A Great Ruler
• Suleyman the Lawgiver, Selim’s son, rules from 1520 to 1566
The Empire Reaches Its Limits
• Suleyman conquers Belgrade (1521) and Rhodes (1522)
• Ottomans control eastern Mediterranean
• Turks take North African coastline, control inland trade
routes
• Suleyman’s forces advance to Vienna
• By 1526, Ottoman Empire is the largest in the world
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Continued…
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Suleyman the Lawgiver {continued}
Highly Structured Social Organization
• Suleyman creates law code, simplifies taxation
• Army uses devshirme—drafts boys from
conquered lands
• Trains 30,000 elite soldiers—janissaries—loyal
only to the sultan
• Jews and Christians allowed to practice own
religion
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Cultural Flowering
•Suleyman’s broad interests lead to
flourishing of arts, learning
•Sinan, brilliant architect, designs
magnificent Mosque of Suleyman
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
The Empire Declines Slowly
Gradual Fall
• Suleyman kills one son and exiles another
• Third son inherits throne but rules weakly
• Later sultans kill their brothers and leave their sons
uneducated
•Long line of weak sultans leads
to empire’s eventual fall
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Section-2
Cultural Blending
CASE STUDY: The Safivid Empire
The Safavid Empire produced a rich and
complex blended culture in Persia.
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Section-2
Cultural Blending
CASE STUDY: The Safavid Empire
Patterns of Cultural Blending
• Safavid Empire—Shi’ite Muslim dynasty
from 16th to 18th centuries
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Causes of Cultural
Blending
•Migration
• conquest
•Trade
•Religion
•food
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
The Safavids Build an Empire
Safavid Origins
•Begins as religious order named
for founder
•Safavids concentrate on building
powerful military
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Isma’il Conquers Persia (modern Iran)
•Fourteen-year-old Isma’il conquers
Iran by 1451
•Takes title of shah—king
•Makes Shi’a Islam official religion;
kills Sunnis
•Son greatly expands empire
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
A Safavid Golden Age
Abbas the Great
• Shah Abbas—Abbas the Great—takes throne in
1587
Reforms
• Helps create a thriving Safavid culture
• Reforms military and government; brings in Christian trade
A New Capital
• Esfahan—new capital—is one of the
world’s most beautiful cities
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Carpets
•Carpet weaving becomes
national industry
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
The Dynasty Declines Quickly
The Safavid Empire Weakens
•
•
•
•
Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons
Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson, leads to empire’s decline
By 1722, the empire is losing land to the Ottomans and Afghans
the empire falls apart in 1747
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Section-3
The Mughal Empire in India
The Mughal Empire brings Turks, Persians, and
Indians together in a vast empire.
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Section-3
The Mughal Empire in India
Early History of the Mughals
Mongol Invaders
• Mughals, or Mongols, invade northwestern India
Conflict
• Muslims and Hindus fight for almost 300 years
• In 1000, loose empire of Turkish warlords—Delhi Sultanate—forms
Delhi Sultanate
• Sultans rule from Delhi between 13th and 16th centuries
• Timur the Lame destroys Delhi in 1398
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Early History of the Mughals
Babur Founds an Empire
• Babur becomes king of small land in Central Asia at 11
• Is dethroned and driven south into India
• Army conquers much of northern India,
forming Mughal Empire
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Akbar’s Golden Age
Babur’s Grandson
• Akbar—“Greatest One”—rules India from 1556 to 1605
A Military Conqueror
• Akbar uses cannons; names native Indians as officers
A Nice Ruler
• Akbar allows religious freedom and abolishes tax on non-Muslims
• Akbar allows all people a chance to serve in high government office
• Hindu finance minister develops better tax plan; income grows
• Akbar gives land to his officials, then reclaims it when they die
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Continued…
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Akbar’s Golden 3Age {continued}
A Flowering of Culture
• Many cultures blend, mixing art, education,
politics, and language
• New languages like Hindi and Urdu emerge
The Arts and Literature
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Akbar’s Successors
•Sikhs: nonviolent religious group
•Sikhs become targets of Mughal
hatred
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Akbar’s Successors {continued}
Shah Jahan
Shah Jahan—marries Persian princess
• His wife dies while giving birth to her 14th
child in 1631
• Taj Mahal—huge marble tomb Shah
Jahan builds for his wife
• Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful
buildings in the world
•
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
Akbar’s Successors {continued}
The People Suffer
• People suffer paying for wars and monuments
Aurangzeb’s Reign…he was mean
• Rules between 1658 and 1707; expands empire to its largest
• Strictly enforces Islamic law and attempts to get
rid of Hindus
• Caused rebellion to his rule
• Hindus rebel and Sikhs become militant
• Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus, causing more rebellion
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 2
The Empire’s Decline and Decay
The Mughal Empire Crumbles
•Weak rulers and too much money
on war.
• Over 2 million people die of famine while Aurangzeb wages war
• Emperor becomes a figurehead; empire breaks into separate states
•European traders gain key ports
•British colonize India
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