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World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 8 African Civilizations, 1500 B.C.-A.D. 700 African cultures adapt to harsh environments, spread through major migrations, and establish powerful kingdoms. Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 8 African Civilizations, 1500 B.C.-A.D. 700 SECTION 1 Diverse Societies in Africa SECTION 2 CASE STUDY: Migration SECTION 3 The Kingdom of Aksum Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 8 Section-1 Diverse Societies in Africa African peoples develop diverse societies as they adapt to varied environments. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 8 Section-1 Diverse Societies in Africa A Land of Geographic Contrasts Geography of Africa • Large continent but coastline has few ports, harbors, or inlets Challenging Environments • • • Africa has many deserts, including huge Sahara The southern edge of the expanding Sahara is called the Sahel Rainforests found near central part of continent Welcoming Lands • • Northern coast and southern tip of Africa have Mediterranean climates Savannas, or grasslands, cover almost half of Africa Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 8 Early Humans Adapt to Their Environments Nomadic Lifestyle • • Earliest people are nomadic hunter-gatherers Herders drive animals to find water, graze pastures Transition to a Settled Lifestyle • • • Agriculture probably develops by 6000 B.C. As the Sahara dried up, farmers move to West Africa or Nile Valley Agriculture allows permanent settlement, governments to develop Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 8 Early Societies in Africa Societies Organized by Family Groups • • Extended families made up of several generations Families with common ancestors form groups known as clans Local Religions • Early religions usually include elements of animism—belief in spirits Keeping a History • • • Few African societies have written languages History, literature, culture passed on by storytellers called griots Cultures in West Africa are advanced long before outsiders arrive Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 8 West African Iron Age Learning About the Past • Artifacts reveal how people lived in the past • Evidence of sub-Saharan cultures producing iron around 500 B.C. The Nok Culture • Nok—West Africa’s earliest known culture—made iron tools, weapons Djenné-Djeno • From 600–200 B.C., cities begin to develop near rivers, oases • Djenné-Djeno—Africa’s oldest known city (250 B.C.), discovered in 1977 • Bustling trade center; linked West African towns, camel trade routes Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 8 Section-2 Migration Case Study: Bantu-Speaking Peoples Relocation of large numbers of Bantu-speaking people brings cultural diffusion and change to southern Africa. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 8 Section-2 Migration Case Study: Bantu-Speaking Peoples People on the Move Migration • Migration—permanent move to new place; a pattern in human culture Causes of Migration • Push-pull factors—Conditions that push people out of an area or pull them in Effects of Migration • Brings diverse cultures into contact; changes life in the new land Tracing Migration Through Language • • One way to trace migration is to study how languages spread Africa has many complex language families Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 8 Massive Migrations Bantu-speaking Peoples • Bantu-speaking peoples—early Africans who spread culture and language • Originally lived in savanna south of Sahara; now southeastern Nigeria • The word Bantu means “the people” Migration Begins • Bantu speakers migrate south and east starting about 3000 B.C. • Live by slash-and-burn farming, nomadic herding • Share skills, learn new customs, adapt to environment Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 8 2 Massive Migrations Causes of Migration • Bantu speakers move to find farmland, flee growing Sahara • Need iron ore resources and hardwood forests for iron smelting • Within 1,500 years they reach southern tip of Africa Effects of the Migration • Bantu speakers drive out some inhabitants; intermix with others • Bantu migrations produce a great variety of cultures • Language helps unify the continent Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 8 Section-3 The Kingdom of Aksum The kingdom of Aksum becomes an international trading power and adopts Christianity. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 8 Section-3 The Kingdom of Aksum The Rise of the Kingdom of Aksum Aksum’s Geography • • • Aksum—kingdom replaces Kush in East Africa; blend of Africans, Arabs Located on Horn of Africa, modern day Ethiopia and Eritrea Trading kingdom linking Africa and Indian Ocean trade routes The Origins of Aksum • • • Land first mentioned in Greek guidebook in A.D. 100 Rulers take control of areas around Blue Nile and Red Sea Dynasty of Aksum rules until 1975; ends with death of Haile Selassie Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 8 The Rise of the Kingdom of Aksum {continued} Aksum Controls International Trade • • Aksum is hub for caravan routes to Egypt and Meroë Adulis, chief port, has access to Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean A Strong Ruler Expands the Kingdom • • • King Ezana—strong ruler of Aksum from A.D. 325 to 360 He conquers part of Arabian peninsula, now Yemen In 350 conquers Kushites and burns Meroë to ground Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 8 An International Culture Develops Aksum Culture • • • Blended cultural traditions of Arab peoples and Kushites Adulis population: Egyptian, Arabian, Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian Greek is international language; Aksumites trade gold to Rome Aksumite Religion • • • Believe in one god, Mahrem, and that king descended from him Are animists—worship spirits of nature and ancestors Exposed to Christianity by traders Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 8 An International Culture Develops {continued} Aksum Becomes Christian • • • Young King Ezana educated by Christian man from Syria As ruler, Ezana declares Christianity as kingdom’s official religion Aksum, now part of Ethiopia, still home to millions of Christians Aksumite Innovations • • • Written language, minted coins, irrigation canals and dams Aksumites invent terrace farming due to hilly location Terraces—step like ridges constructed on mountain slopes Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 8 The Fall of Aksum Islam • • Aksum kingdom lasts 800 years; witnesses rise of Islam religion Followers of prophet Muhammad conquer all of Arabia by 632 Islamic Invaders • • Between A.D. 632 and 710, Islamic invaders leave Aksum alone In A.D. 710, they attack port city of Adulis, causing Aksum’s decline Aksum Isolated • • As Islam spreads, Aksum rulers move capital to northern Ethiopia Isolation, soil erosion, deforestation cause loss of remaining power Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 8 This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Patterns of Interaction Chapter 8 Print Slide Show 1. On the File menu, select Print 2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4 3. In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline 4. Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint presentation Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company