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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
The Industrial Revolution, 1700-1900
The Industrial Revolution begins in Britain, spreads to other countries, and has a strong
impact on economics, politics, and society.
Impact on society
Impact on middle class
Impact on government
Impact on family unit
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
The Industrial Revolution, 1700-1900
SECTION 1
The Beginnings of Industrialization
SECTION 2
CASE STUDY: Industrialization
SECTION 3
Industrialization Spreads
SECTION 4
Reforming the Industrial World
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Section-1
The Beginnings of Industrialization
The Industrial Revolution starts in England and soon spreads to other countries.
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Section-1
The Beginnings of Industrialization
Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain
New Ways of Working
• Industrial Revolution—greatly
increased output of machine-made
goods
•Revolution begins in England in the
middle 1700s
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
The Beginnings of Industrialization
Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain
Section-1
The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way
• Enclosures—large farm fields enclosed by
fences or hedges
•Wealthy landowners bought and enclosed
land once owned by village farmers
(eliminating common land)
•Enclosures allowed experimentation with
new agricultural methods
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Jethro Tull was one of the first of these
scientific farmers. He saw that the usual
way of sowing seed by scattering it
across the ground was wasteful. Many
seeds failed to take root. He solved this
problem with an invention called the
seed drill in about 1701. It allowed
farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced
rows at specific depths.
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Rotating Crops
• Crop rotation—switching crops each
year to avoid depleting the soil
•wheat, barley, turnips and clover
•Livestock breeders allowed only the
best to breed
•Animals got bigger
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
USA began to industrialize
• 1800: 6 of 7 workers were farmers, by 1860
only half were farmers
• RRs and canals were built
• Steamships transported goods up and down
the Mississippi River, Great Lakes and the
Atlantic seaboard
• Manufactured goods in New England could be
transported all over the country
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Impact on society in Europe
•
•
•
•
Created industrial middle class
Created industrial working class
Growth of cities
Growth of population: from 1750 to 1850 ppln
almost doubled
• Why did ppln double?
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Industrialization Begins in Britain {continued}
Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England
• Industrialization- machine production
•Britain has natural resources—
• -water power and coal to fuel the new machines
-iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings
-rivers for inland transportation
-harbors from which merchant ships set sail
•Expanding economy in Britain encourages
investment (loans for inventions, overseas
trade, political stability, good military)
•Britain has all needed factors of production—
land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurs
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Cotton Production
• Two steps in making cloth
• Cottage industry: individuals in their homes
• 1764 “spinning jenny” made thread
quickly
• “Flying shuttle” (cloth production)
made cottage industry unprofitable
• 1787 water powered loom
• 1782 James Watt: steam engine to power machinery
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Some numbers on cotton production
Chapter 9
• 1760: 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton were
imported; cloth was produced in cottage
industries
• 1787: 22 million pounds of raw cotton were
imported; most spun by machines
• 1840: 366 million pounds of raw cotton were
imported; mainly in factories
• Sold all over the world; Britain’s most valuable
product
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Coal and Iron
• Steam engines were critical in Britain’s
Industrial Revolution. Coal supplied the fuel;
seemed endless.
• Iron Industry was changed by coal
• Iron ore was a natural resource; what is a
natural resource?
• Puddling: process of making better quality
iron. (1780s)
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Iron Industry Boomed
• 1740: 17,000 tons of iron
• 1780s: 70,000 tons of iron per year
• 1852: 3,000,000 tons of iron per year
• Used to make new machines and new means
of transportation
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Railroads
• 1804: first RR, industrial line; 5 miles per hour
• 1830: 32 miles, The Rocket; first public line; 16
miles per hour
• 1840: 2,000 miles of RR
• 1850: 6,000 miles of RR
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Chapter 9
•
•
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•
•
RR effect
Employed peasants and farm laborers
Less expensive transportation of goods
Led to lower-prices for goods
Which led to larger markets for goods
Which led to increase in manufacturing
• Economic growth was a feature of the new
industrial economy
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
New Factories
• Important part of the Industrial Revolution
• New labor system
– workers had to work regular hours and do the
same work over and over.
• Workers came from rural areas
– 2/3 of workers were women and children early
(1830)
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Inventions Spur Industrialization
Changes in the Textile Industry
• Weavers work faster with flying shuttles and spinning jennies
• Water frame uses water power to drive spinning wheels
• Power loom, spinning mule speed up production, improve quality
•
Factories—buildings that contain
machinery for manufacturing
• Cotton gin boosts American cotton production to meet British demand
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Improvements in Transportation
Chapter 9
Watt’s Steam Engine
• Need for cheap, convenient power spurs development of steam engine
• James Watt improves steam engine
•entrepreneur—organizes, manages,
takes business risks
Water Transportation
• Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807
• England’s water transport improved by system of canals
Road Transportation
• British roads are improved; companies operate them as toll roads
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Economics
• Middle Ages had commercial capitalism
• Industrialism brought on industrial capitalism,
economic system based on industrial production
• This led to industrial middle class, people who built
the factories, bought the machines and made
business decisions (qualities of initiative, vision,
ambition, greed)
• Also Industrial working class, working poor; had
harsh working conditions. What makes bad working
conditions? Factories and coal mines. Children,
women and men. (1830 2/3 workers women and
children)
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
The Railway Age Begins
Steam-Driven Locomotives
• In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first steam-driven locomotive
• In 1825, George Stephenson builds world’s first railroad line
The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad
• Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to Manchester
• Stephenson’s Rocket acknowledged as best locomotive (1829)
Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain
• Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobs
• Cheaper transportation boosts many industries; people move to cities
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Section-2
Industrialization
CASE STUDY: Manchester
The factory system changes the way people live and work, introducing a variety of problems.
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Section-2
Industrialization
CASE STUDY: Manchester
Industrialization Changes Life
Factory Work
• Factories pay more than farms, spur demand for more expensive goods
Industrial Cities Rise
• Urbanization—city-building and movement of
people to cities
• Growing population provides work force, market
for factory goods
• British industrial cities: London, Birmingham,
• Manchester, Liverpool
Continued…
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Industrialization Changes Life {continued}
Living Conditions
• Sickness widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums
•Life span in one large city is only 17 years
• Wealthy merchants, factory owners live in luxurious suburban homes
• Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes, building codes
• Cities also without adequate housing, education, police protection
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Industrialization Changes Life {continued}
Working Conditions
•Average working day 14 hours for
6 days a week, year round
• Dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers
• Many coal miners killed by coal dust
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Class Tensions Grow
The Middle Class
•
Middle class—skilled workers,
merchants, rich farmers, professionals
• Emerging middle class looked down on by landowners, aristocrats
• Middle class values: hard work, honesty, follow the law
• Middle class has comfortable standard of living
The Working Class
• Laborers’ lives not improved; some laborers replaced by machines
• Luddites, other groups destroy machinery that puts them out of work
• Unemployment a serious problem; unemployed workers riot
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Immediate Benefits
• Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological progress
• Education expands, clothing cheaper, diet and housing improve
• Workers eventually win shorter hours, better wages and conditions
Long-Term Effects
• Improved living and working conditions still evident today
• Governments use increased tax revenues for urban improvements
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
The Mills of Manchester
Immediate Benefits
• Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological progress
• Education expands, clothing cheaper, diet and housing improve
• Workers eventually win shorter hours, better wages and conditions
Manchester and the Industrial Revolution
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•
•
Manchester has labor, water power, nearby port at Liverpool
Poor live and work in unhealthy, even dangerous, environment
Business owners make profits by risking their own money on factories
Eventually, working class sees its standard of living rise some
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
The Mills of Manchester {continued}
Children in Manchester Factories
•
•
•
•
Children as young as 6 work in factories; many are injured
1819 Factory Act restricts working age, hours
Factory pollution fouls air, poisons river
Nonetheless, Manchester produces consumer goods and creates wealth
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Section-3
Industrialization Spreads
The industrialization that begins in Great Britain spreads to other parts of the world.
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Section-3
Industrialization Spreads
Industrial Development in the United States
Industrialization in the United States
• U.S. has natural and labor resources needed to industrialize
•
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Samuel Slater, English textile worker, builds textile mill in U.S.
Lowell, Massachusetts a mechanized textile center by 1820
Manufacturing towns spring up around factories across the country
Young single women flock to factory towns, work in textile mills
Clothing, shoemaking industries soon mechanize
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Industrial Development in the United States {continued}
Later Expansion of U.S. Industry
• Industrialization picks up during post-Civil War technology boom
• Cities like Chicago expand rapidly due to location on railroad lines
• Small companies merge to form larger, powerful companies
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
The Rise of Corporations
• Stock—limited ownership rights for
company, sold to raise money
• Corporation—company owned by
stockholders, share profits
•Owners have limited liability
•Large corporations attempt to
control as much business as they can
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Continental Europe Industrializes
Troubles in Continental Europe
• Revolution and Napoleonic wars disrupted early 19th-century economy
Beginnings in Belgium
• Belgium has iron ore, coal, water transportation
• British workers smuggle in machine plans, start companies (1799)
Germany Industrializes
• Political, economic barriers; but industry, railroads boom by mid-century
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Continental Europe Industrializes {continued}
Expansion Elsewhere in Europe
• Bohemia develops spinning; Northern Italy mechanizes silk textiles
• Industrialization in France more measured; agriculture remains strong
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
The Impact of Industrialization
Rise of Global Inequality
• Wealth gap widens; non-industrialized countries
fall further behind
• European nations, U.S., Japan exploit colonies
for resources
• Imperialism spreads due to need for raw
materials and markets for finished products
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
The Impact of Industrialization
Transformation of Society
•Europe and U.S. gain economic power
•African and Asian economies lag
• based on agriculture and crafts
•Rise of middle class strengthens
democracy
•Some call for social reform
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Section-4
Reforming the Industrial World
The Industrial Revolution leads to economic, social, and political reforms.
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
The Philosophers of Industrialization
Reforming the Industrial World
Laissez-faire Economics
• Laissez faire—economic policy of gov’t not
interfering with businesses
•FREE MARKETS
•“let them do as them choose”
•Originates with Enlightenment economic
philosophers
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
The Philosophers of Industrialization
Reforming the Industrial World
Laissez-faire Economics
•Adam Smith—defender of free markets, author
of The Wealth of Nations
•Believes economic liberty guarantees economic
progress, and political freedom
•Economic natural laws—self-interest,
competition, supply and demand
•INVISIBLE HAND
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
The Philosophers of Industrialization {continued}
The Economists of Capitalism
• Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo boost laissez-faire capitalism
•
Capitalism—system of privately owned
businesses seeking profits
• Malthus thinks populations grow faster than food supply
• Wars, epidemics kill off extra people or misery and poverty result
• Ricardo envisions a permanent, poor underclass providing cheap labor
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
The Rise of Socialism
Utilitarianism
utilitarianism—judge things by
their usefulness (utility)
• Jeremy Bentham’s
• John Stuart Mill favors regulation to help workers
and spread wealth
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
The Rise of Socialism
Utopian Ideas
• Robert Owen improves workers’ conditions
• In 1824, Owen founds utopian community, New
Harmony, Indiana
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
The Rise of Socialism
Socialism
• Socialism—factors of production owned
by the gov’t and operated for the people
•Socialists think government control can
end poverty and bring equality
•Two types of equality:
1. Equality of opportunity (freedom)
2. Equality of outcome (gov’t control)
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Marxism: Radical Socialism
Marxism’s Prophets
• Karl Marx—German journalist
proposes a radical socialism, Marxism
•Friedrich Engels—German whose
father owns a Manchester textile mill
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Marxism: Radical Socialism
The Communist Manifesto
•Marx and Engels believe society is
divided into warring classes
•Capitalism helps “haves,” the
employers known as the bourgeoisie
•Capitalism hurts “have-nots,” the
workers known as the proletariat
•Marx and Engels predict the workers
will overthrow the owners
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Marxism: Radical Socialism {continued}
The Future According to Marx
•Marx believed that capitalism will
eventually destroy itself
•Inequality would cause workers to
revolt and seize factories and
mills
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
The slogan Workers of the world, unite! is
one of the most famous rallying cries from
the Communist Manifesto (1848), by Karl
Marx and Friedrich Engels, but soon
popularized as "Workers of the world, unite!
You have nothing to lose but your chains!“ A
variation of this phrase ("Workers of all
lands, unite") is also inscribed on Marx's
tombstone.
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Chapter 9
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Marxism: Radical Socialism {continued}
Chapter 9
The Future According to Marx
•Communism—society where gov’t owns
and controls the means of production
•Wants to create a single class of
people.
•Marx’s ideas later take root in Russia,
China, Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam, parts
of Africa and South America
• Time has shown that society not controlled by economic forces alone
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
Labor Unions and Reform Laws
Unionization
• Unions—associations formed by laborers to work
for change
• Unions negotiate for better pay, conditions with
employers
• Sometimes they strike—call a work stoppage—to
pressure owners
• Skilled workers are first to form unions
• Union goals were higher wages, shorter hours,
improved conditions
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Labor Unions and Reform Laws {continued}
Chapter 9
Reform Laws
•British and U.S. laws stop worst abuses
of industrialization
•1842 Mines Act in Britain stops women
and children working underground
•In 1847, workday for women and
children limited to 10 hours in Britain
•U.S. ends child labor and sets maximum
hours in 1904
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
The Reform Movement Spreads
The Abolition of Slavery
•In 1833, reformers help end slavery in
British empire
•Slavery ends in U.S. in 1865; ends by 1888
in rest of Americas
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
The Reform Movement Spreads
The Fight for Women’s Rights
•Women pursue economic and social rights
as early as 1848
•International Council for Women founded
1888; worldwide membership
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 9
The Reform Movement Spreads
Reforms Spread to Many Areas of Life
•Reformers establish free public schools
in Europe in late 1800s
•Public schools common in U.S. by 1850s
•Some prison reform
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Chapter 9
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Chapter 9
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