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AP World Review March 12, 2005 Practically all of this was stolen from other sources: a shout-out to teachers who share their ‘stuff’ on the web Agenda Information Summary: Foundations Unit Multiple Choice Exercise DBQ Review and Partner DOC’s Practice DBQ Question Six Themes • The impact of interaction among major societies. Such as Trade, International Exchange, War, and Diplomacy • The Relationship of Change and Continuity across the periods of World History • Impact of Technology and Demography on People and the Environment; Including Population change, Manufacturing, Agriculture, etc. • Systems of Organization and Gender Structure • Cultural and Intellectual Development and Interactions among Societies • Change over time in functions and structures of Political States Test Format • Exam last 3 Hours and 5 Minutes • 55 Minutes for 70 Multiple Choice Questions • 50 Minutes for Document Based Question (10 minutes for Reading and Evaluating Documents) • 40 Minutes for Change Over Time Essay • 40 Minutes for Comparative Essay Question • Time Frames – – – – – Prehistory to 1000 C.E: 14% of Questions 1000 C.E-1450 C.E: 23 % of Questions 1450 C.E- 1750 C.E: 20% of Questions 1750 C.E- 1914 C.E: 20% of Questions 1914-Present: 23% of Questions Grading • 70 Multiple Choice Questions = 1/2 Score • Document Based Question = 16.66% of Score • Change Over Time Essay = 16.66% of Score • Comparative Essay = 16.66% of Score • Essays Graded on Scale of 0 to 9 Broad Topics addressed in Foundations Unit: Environment: domesticating plants and animals Early development of agricultural technology Basic features: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley Shang China and Meso/South America The rise and fall of classical civilizations: Zhou and Han China, India (South Asia) {Gupta Empire}, Greece and Rome Major belief systems: polytheism, animism, Hinduism Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, Christianity Building Blocks of Civilization • What is a Civilization? (often called advanced urban society nowadays) – Economic System – Political Organization – Moral Code (Religion with hierarchy) – Written Language (a technological advancement) and Intellectual Tradition – Division of Labor Early Man • Beginnings of Humans – Hominids: 3 to 4 million years on earth – Hominids were primates – Earliest Hominids called Australopithecine – Bipeds • Other Types of Early Man – Homo Habilis, Homo Erectus, Homo Sapiens Stone Age • Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) – Tools were used – Simple Huts – Fire • Hunter Gatherer Societies – Family or Clan Groupings – Political Organizations Begin – Art and Music also practiced • Agricultural Revolution: Neolithic Revolution – Occurred around end of Great Ice Age – Rapid Population Growth – Need for Change of Food Supply, more standard – New Skills Needed • Pastoralism and Agriculture – Begins with Domestication of Plants and Animals Results of Agricultural Revolution • Many Diversified Crops developed • Development of Communities and Villages – Not Based on family ties – Lead to formation of Cities • Early Religions form around Harvest and Planting Seasons: sky religions • Specialization of Labor – Improved Tools – Development of Social Classes River Valley Civilizations • Mesopotamia – Tigris and Euphrates River Valley – Fertile Crescent: floods were unpredictable – Written Language: Cuneiform – Epic of Gilgamesh – Hammurabi’s Code • Egypt – Nile River valley: Upper and Lower Egypt – Inundation: regular flooding Schedule – Monarchy: Pharaoh and Small class of Priests – Duality: Complex Religion, Mummification – Many great Inventions and Advances River Valley Civilizations • Indus Valley – Indus and Ganges Rivers – Reason for decline not known: may be soil exhaustion – Highly unified and organized government – Artistic • China – Yellow River valley – Shang China: first dynasty – Monarchy – Bronze work, silk making, pottery, jade – Zhou Dynasty: Many Advancements • Mandate of heaven Middle East Civilizations • Persians – Created one of the largest empires on world history :from Turkey to Lybia – Cyrus the Great was first king, Darius the Great – Advanced Postal System (spies), Roads, Single Currency, and Decentralized Government – Zoroastrianism: Primary Religion – Fell to Alexander the Great • Phoenicians – Syria and Lebanon – Advanced Export Economy – Skilled Traders – Established Carthage – First Alphabet Ancient Greece • • • Aegean, Minoan, Mycenaean Civilizations – Trading Societies – Conquest (Trojan war) – Joined into single Culture called Hellenes or Greeks Greek City States: Polis – Athens, Sparta • Athens: educated, great thinkers • Sparta: Warlike, Soldiers, Military Strength Beginnings of Democracy – Began in Athens – Pericles – Not full enfranchisement – Most representative Government in Ancient World Ancient Greece • Peloponnesian War – Conflict between Athens and Sparta – Left Greece Weak – Open to conquest from Persians and then Macedonian “Alexander the Great” • Alexander the Great – Great Conqueror, took over Asia, Persian Empire, territory to borderlands of India – Spread Greek Culture throughout Eurasia • Hellenic Culture – Science was important, Geometry, physics, mathematics and astronomy – Poetry (Homer), Drama(Sophocles, Aeschyles, Euripedes) Philosophy, (Socrates, Plato) Ancient Rome • Roman Republic – Tensions between Plebeians (lower class) and Patrician (upper class) – Beginning of Roman expansion – Punic Wars • Three Campaigns against Carthage (for control of Mediterranean Sea • Rome was Victorious – Began expanding to the East (Greece, Balkans) • Collapse of Roman Republic – Too Much expansion – Caused Social Problems, Civil wars, disease – Solidification of Leadership under single hand • Roman empire – Julius Caesar, Octavian (Caesar Agustus) Han Dynasty • Strongest and longest dynasty --Confucianist • Expansionist Empire – Postal system – Roads – Defensive fortifications • Weak Leadership caused collapse – Corruption and leadership issues Similarities between the Fall of Rome and the Fall of the Han Dynasty: 1. Nomadic Invaders 2. Economic Stagnation and Contraction 3. Disease 4. Growing decentralization of the government 5. Loss of faith in the society India • Aryans – Nomadic Group invaded India – Earliest Europeans – Conquered the Dravidians (Dark Skinned Indians) – Established Warrior Aristocracy – Established Sanskrit – Vedic and Early Hindu faith • Caste System • Priests (Brahmins) • Warriors and Political Rulers (Kshatruyas) • Commoners • Servants and Peasants • The “Untouchables” – Born into Caste; Cannot be changed India Continued • Mauryan empire – Ashoka: famous Emperor – Converted to Buddhism – Collapsed from outside attacks • Gupta Empire – Religious toleration – Muslim invaders Religious Traditions: 1. Animism—the belief that all things in the world are infused with spirit. Certain spirits must remain pleased in order to create order in the universe. Religions • Judaism – Hebrews – Monotheistic (cultural hearth in Palestine) • YAWEH – Covenant-• Islam—a salvation tradition – Founded by Muhammad (cultural hearth in Arabia) – Five Pillars – Allah Religions Continued • Christianity—a salvation tradition – Messiah: Jesus (cultural hearlth in Palestine during the Roman Empire) – Evangelical • Hinduism (cultural hearth in South Asia) – Bramin, Multiple Gods, Darma, Karma, Reincarnation, Caste System • Buddhism—a salvation tradition – 4 Noble truths (cultural hearth in South Asia) – 8 fold path • Daoism (Taoism) (cultural hearth in East Asia) – The Way Consider the shared traits of River Valley Civ.’s Consider the shared traits of Classical Empires Why did Civ.’s fail? Trade? Technology? Patriarchy? Religious Traditions? Environmental concerns