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Setting the Stage for Revolution: Absolute Monarchies Define in your notes 1. divine right 2. absolute monarch Definitions 1. Divine Right: Belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from God. 2. Absolute Monarch: Ruler with complete (ALL) authority over the government and lives of the people he or she governs. Causes of Absolutism • • • • Decline of Feudalism Growth of a Middle Class Growth of National Kingdoms Loss of Church Authority Effects of Absolutism • Regulation of Church and Society • New Government agencies (Bureaucracies) • Loss of Power by Nobles and Legislatures Absolute Monarchies in Europe 1550-1800 Spain France England Austria Prussia Russia Absolute Monarchies in Europe 1550-1800 From World History: Connections to Today Prentice Hall, 2003 From World History: Connections to Today Prentice Hall, 2003 The Philosopher Behind the Age • Thomas Hobbes • 1660 – Wrote the Leviathan (Giant) • Discussed the perfect government • People first lived in anarchy • Needed a “social contract” • Required an absolute monarch to maintain order • People retained the right only to maintain their lives. England - Pathway to Revolution 1603-1689 • Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) – Absolute ruler of England. • Kept Parliament on her side. • Stabilized the nation and expanded British territory. • Died without an heir. • Country had to decide who would replace her. England - Pathway to Revolution 1603-1689 England – James I (1603 – 1625) • James VI of Scotland • Became James I of England when Elizabeth I died. • Believed in Divine Right of Kings. “Kings are called gods because they sit upon God’s throne on earth. • Ran up a huge debt in England. • Had Bible translated from Latin into English England – Charles I 1625 - 1649 • Charles I of England • Absolute monarch - had no problem with putting his enemies in prison without trial • Ran up a huge debt • Dissolved Parliament in 1629 • Touched off a massive English Civil War between supporters of Charles and supporters of Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell. • Charles I beheaded in 1649. England – Oliver Cromwell 1649 - 1658 • Oliver Cromwell: Lord Protector – England • Ruled through the army • Exiled Catholics to Ireland • Strict Puritan laws passed – theaters closed, Sunday set aside for worship, no lewd dancing, taverns or gambling • Religious freedom for everyone else • When Cromwell died, Restoration began. England – Charles II The Restoration 1660 - 1685 • Charles II - Popular ruler • Monarchy restored – Hence: Restoration • Bowed to the wishes of Parliament • Restored the Church of England • Stabilized government England – James II 1685 - 1688 • • • • • James II - Absolute Ruler Antagonized Parliament Ran up a huge debt Openly Catholic Forced from throne in what came to be called the Glorious Revolution. • Glorious Revolution England – William and Mary English Bill of Rights 1689 • William and Mary were given the throne after the English Bill of Rights was passed. • Said Parliament ruled over monarchy • Parliament had to meet on a regular basis • Monarchy could neither make nor suspend laws • Trial by jury reinstated. • Abolished fines and cruel and unusual punishment. • Affirmed “writ of habeas corpus” – no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime. Due process of laws. • Laid groundwork for American system of laws. The Philosophy Advances • John Locke • • • • 1690 People first lived in anarchy Needed a “social contract” People gave up only SOME of their individual rights. • Kept the right to: - Live - Enjoy Liberty - Own Property • Rulers who violated these rights broke the social contract and could be overthrown. Things to know about France (To look up in your Textbook) • • • • • Bourbon Dynasty Divine Right Theory Abides Catholic Nation Louis XIV Palace of Versailles Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648 Power struggle between Kings of France and Holy Roman Empire 1640: Holy Roman Empire has broken down into several Prussian principalities. (Area later becomes Germany) Many other German states no longer recognize the power of the Holy Roman emperor. Half went Catholic; Half went Protestant Over thirty years alliances continually changed. War led to starvation, famine and disease. Area severely depopulated. 1648: Peace of Westphalia signed. France is clear winner, gains territory from Spain and Prussia, including Alsace. France – Louis XIV Ruled 1643 - 1715 Called himself the Sun King Believed in divine right. “L’etat, c’est moi.” I am the state. Made French army the strongest in Europe France was the wealthiest country in Europe under Louis XIV Louis XIV spent huge amounts of money Built Versailles. War of Spanish Succession France – Louis XIV Versailles Expanded from a hunting lodge in 1669. Became the symbol to European monarchs of the wealth and power of the king of France. Seat of French government for nearly over 100 years. Its upkeep consumed as much as 25% of the income of France. Spain – Philip II Ruled 1556-1598 • Philip II - Sought to expand Spanish influence – ruled Spain when the empire was at its height. Included the Spanish New World (page 414) • Devout: tried to strengthen Catholic church • Centralized royal power • Married Mary I of England – returned England to Catholicism • Invaded England with Spanish Armada against Elizabeth I – He lost most of the Armada. Spain – Philip II Ruled 1556-1598 Russia – Peter the Great Ruled 1682-1725 • Peter the Great of Russia • Goal was to westernize Russia. Forced powerful boyars to bow to his will. • Built modern Western city for Russian capital – St. Petersburg. • Spread serfdom. • Studied Western technology. Worked in a shipyard • Extended Russian territory – to Pacific Ocean. • 1700: Fought Sweden for control of Baltic. Gained several Baltic ports Russia – Peter the Great From World History: Connections to Today Prentice Hall, 2003 Austria – Maria Theresa ruled 1740 - 1780 Absolute monarch of Austria Fought Frederick II of Prussia for control of Hungary and Silesia Reorganized the government Enlightened Despot Eased tax burden on her people Gave more rights to her subjects Gave birth to 16 children while in power Prussia – Frederick II Ruled 1740-1786 Absolute ruler of Prussia (Germany) Attacked Austria, sparking the War of Austrian Succession Unified Prussia, part of the Holy Roman Empire, into one nation Absolutism Summary Chart Textbook page 436 From World History: Connections to Today Prentice Hall, 2003