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Chapter 4
Organization and Regulation of Body Systems
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Outline
Today
Finish Cell Respiration/Metabolism Chapter 3 and
Start Chapter 4 (Tissue Types)
Chapter 3
Metabolism
Chapter 4
• Tissue Types
– Epithelial
– Connective
– Muscular
– Nervous
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Mitochondria
•
Mitochondria are double-membrane
organelles involved in cellular respiration.
– Site of ATP production.
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Cellular Metabolism
•
Cellular metabolism includes all the
chemical reactions that occur in a cell.
– Often organized into metabolic pathways.
 Most regulated by feedback inhibition.
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Cellular Respiration
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Glucose breakdown requires three subpathways.
– Glycolysis.
– Citric Acid Cycle.
– Electron Transport System.
Altogether, the breakdown of one glucose
molecule results in 36 ATP molecules.
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Cellular Respiration
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Fermentation
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Fermentation is an anaerobic process that
results in the buildup of lactate.
– Lactate is toxic to cells and causes
muscle cramps and fatigue.
– Only produces two ATP per glucose
molecule.
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Types of Tissues
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A tissue is composed of similarly specialized
cells that perform a common function.
– Categorized into four groups.
 Epithelial.
 Connective.
 Muscular.
 Nervous.
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Epithelial Tissue
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Epithelial tissue consists of tightly packed
cells forming a continuous layer that serve in
protection, secretion, absorption, excretion,
and filtration.
– Named according to shape of cell.
 Squamous - Flattened.
 Cuboidal - Cubed.
 Columnar - Column.
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Epithelial Tissue
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Junctions between Epithelial Cells
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A tight junction forms an impermeable
barrier as adjacent plasma membrane
proteins join.
A gap junction forms when two adjacent
plasma membrane channels join.
An adhesion junction forms when adjacent
plasma membranes do not touch but are
held together by intercellular filaments
attached to cytoplasmic plaques.
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Junctions Between Epithelial Cells
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Connective Tissue
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Connective tissue serves many functions
including binding organs, providing support
and protection, and producing red blood
cells.
– Three types of cells – Fibroblast,
Macrophage and Mast cell
– Separated by matrix of fibers.
 Collagen fibers.
 Reticular fibers.
 Elastic fibers.
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Connective Tissue
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Loose Fibrous and Dense Fibrous Tissues.
– Loose fibrous connective tissue supports
epithelium and many internal organs.
– Dense fibrous connective tissue is made of
tightly-packed collagen fibers and is found
in tendons and ligaments.
Adipose Tissue.
– Fat storage.
Reticular Connective Tissue.
– Supporting meshwork of lymphatic system.
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Connective Tissue
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Cartilage.
– Cells lie in lacunae separated by solid,
flexible matrix.
 Hyaline cartilage.
 Elastic cartilage.
 Fibrocartilage.
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Connective Tissue
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Bone.
– Most rigid connective tissue composed of
matrix of inorganic salts.
 Compact bone.
 Spongy bone.
Compact bone
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Connective Tissue
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Connective Tissue
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Blood.
– Matrix is made of plasma, not cells.
 Transports nutrients, oxygen, and
wastes.
 Plasma.
 Formed Elements.
 Red blood cells.
 White blood cells.
 Platelets.
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Blood
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Muscular Tissue
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Muscle (contractile) tissue
composed of muscle
fibers.
– Contain actin filaments
and myosin filaments.
– Three types of muscle
fibers.
 Skeletal muscle.
 Smooth muscle.
 Cardiac muscle.
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Cardiac Tissue
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Skeletal Tissue
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Smooth tissue
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Nervous Tissue
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Nervous tissue has three functions.
Two Major cell types
Neurons and Neuroglia
Neurons are the functional cells
– Sensory input.
– Data integration.
– Motor output.
Neuron (nerve cell) composed of three parts.
 Dendrites.
 Cell body.
 Axon.
Neuroglia service and support neurons.
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Neuron and Neuroglia
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Break Continue with Chapter 4
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Body Cavities
Body Membranes
Organ Systems
Integumentary System
Homeostasis
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Body Cavities
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Ventral cavity divided into two parts.
– Thoracic cavity.
– Abdominal cavity.
Dorsal cavity divided into two parts.
– Cranial cavity.
– Vertebral cavity.
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Body Membranes
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Mucous membranes.
– Line digestive, respiratory, urinary, and
reproductive systems.
Serous membranes.
– Line thoracic and abdominal cavities.
Synovial membranes.
– Line freely movable joint cavities.
Meninges.
– Found in dorsal cavity protecting brain and
spinal cord.
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Organ Systems
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Maintenance of the Body.
– Digestive system.
 Receives and digests food.
– Cardiovascular system.
 Transports nutrients and oxygen.
– Lymphatic system.
 Collects and returns excess tissue fluid.
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Organ Systems
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Maintenance of the Body.
– Respiratory system.
 Brings oxygen in and takes carbon
dioxide out.
– Urinary system.
 Rids body of nitrogenous wastes.
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Organ Systems
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Support and Movement.
– Skeletal system.
 Protects body parts.
– Muscular system.
 Moves body parts.
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Organ Systems
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Coordination and Regulation of Body
Systems.
– Nervous system.
 Conducts nerve impulses.
– Endocrine system.
 Serves as messaging system
maintaining homeostasis.
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Organ Systems
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Continuance of the Species.
– Reproductive system.
 Provides ability to reproduce.
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Integumentary System
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The integumentary system is the collection
of skin and its accessory organs.
– Plays a significant role in maintaining
homeostasis.
 Water Loss.
 Temperature.
– Synthesizes certain chemicals.
 Vitamin D (helps with calcium
absorption)
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Integumentary System
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Regions of Skin.
– Epidermis.
 Stratified squamous epithelium.
– Dermis.
 Collagen and elastic fibers.
 Lies beneath epidermis.
 Subcutaneous layer lies below the
dermis and is composed of loose
connective tissue and adipose tissue.
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Accessory Organs of the Skin
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Nails.
Hair Follicles.
– Oil Glands.
Sweat Glands.
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Human Skin Anatomy
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Homeostasis
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Homeostasis is the relative constancy of the
body’s internal environment.
– Fluctuation around a particular value.
 Maintained by negative feedback.
 Brings about reversal of the change.
 Activated by deviation from set
point.
 Positive feedback brings about greater
change in same direction.
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The
Integument
and
Homeostasis
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Lecture Review
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Be able to describe the four Major Tissue Types
and give examples of where they are found in the
body.
– Epithelial
– Connective
– Muscular
– Nervous
List the Body Cavities and what organs are found
in each.
List the different types of Body Membranes
List the eleven Organ Systems and give a general
description and function of each.
Describe the components of the Integumentary
System
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