Download Nomenclature, anatomy & response to injury

Nervous system
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Objectives for NS 1:
• Describe basic structure, function and
response to injury of CNS and PNS
• Define nomenclature of neuropathological
terms and conditions
• Describe pathogenesis of Wallerian
degeneration and axonal regeneration
• Define terminolgy of CNS traumatic injury
Unique features
• Nomenclature
• Microanatomy
• Protection:
Bones
Meninges
CSF
BBB
E. Simko WCVM
HOWEVER
Cellular reaction to injury
is similar as elsewhere:
Adaptation
Degeneration
Necrosis
Apoptosis
Inflammation
E. Simko WCVM
Anatomy
CNS
• Brain & meninges
• Spinal cord & meninges
PNS
• Nerves
• Neurons/Ganglions out of CNS
E. Simko WCVM
Anatomy
Meninges
• Dura mater
• Aracnoid mater
• Pia mater
Anatomy
Brain • Prosencephalon
• Mesencephalon
• Rhombencephalon
Anatomy
Spinal cord
E. Simko WCVM
Anatomy
Nerves
E. Simko WCVM
Nomenclature
Nomenclature
Encephalitis
Meningitis
Meningoencephalitis
Encephalomyelitis
Meningoencephalomyelitis
Meningomyelitis
E. Simko WCVM
Nomenclature
Nomenclature
Malacia
Encephalomalacia
Polioencephalomalacia
Leucoencephalomalacia
Poliomyelomalacia
E. Simko WCVM
Microanatomy & Response to injury
Microanatomy
Nervous tissue consists of:
Neurons
Neuroglia
Oligodedrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia etc
E. Simko WCVM
Microanatomy & Response to injury
Neurons
Fx • Receive stimuli
• Transmit stimuli
Dendrites
Axon
Cell
body
E. Simko WCVM
Microanatomy & Response to injury
Neurons
Response to injury
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Central chromatolysis
Necrosis/apoptosis
Viral inclusion bodies
Aging
Storage disease
Wallerian degeneration
E. Simko WCVM
Microanatomy & Response to injury
Oligodendrocytes (or Schwann cells in PNS)
Fx
Myelin
Satellitosis
E. Simko WCVM
Microanatomy & Response to injury
Oligodendrocytes (or Schwann cells in PNS)
Response to injury
Degeneration/Necrosis
Demyelination
• Primary
Viral infection
Immune-mediated
• Secondary (Wallerian degeneration)
E. Simko WCVM
Microanatomy & Response to injury
Astrocytes
Fx Metabolism
BBB
Perivascular
Repair
foot process
Endothelium
“glial scar”
Capillary
E. Simko WCVM
Microanatomy & Response to injury
Astrocytes
Response to injury
Swelling, hypertrophy,
hyperplasia, degeneration
BBB disruption
[harmful metabolites]
E. Simko WCVM
Microanatomy & Response to injury
Microglia
Fx Phagocytes
Produce cytokines
E. Simko WCVM
Microanatomy & Response to injury
Microglia
Response to injury
The first to reactant
Activation
Immunocompetent rod cells
Proliferation
Gliosis
E. Simko WCVM
Microanatomy & Response to injury
E. Simko WCVM
White matter
Grey matter
Microanatomy & Response to injury
Axonal injury
Examples:
Wobbler syndrome
Intervertebral disk dz
PRESSURE
Wallerian degeneration
Central chromatolysis
E. Simko WCVM
Microanatomy & Response to injury
Wallerian degeneration
PRESSURE
Demyelination
Swollen axon
Distended myelin sheath
Phagocytosis
E. Simko WCVM
Microanatomy & Response to injury
Regeneration of nerves
Endoneurial tube:
• Connective tissue
• Basement membrane
• Schwann cells
• Myelin
• Axon
E. Simko WCVM
Microanatomy & Response to injury
Trauma
• Concussion
• Contusion
coup & contrecoup
• Hemorrhage
• Brain swelling
E. Simko WCVM
Microanatomy & Response to injury
Spinal cord compression
Wobbler syndrome
Intervertebral disk dz
Neoplasia
Microanatomy & Response to injury
Pattern of spinal cord degeneration
Compression
at C6
Ascending
Descending
Cranial to C6
White matter degeneration
C6
Caudal to C6
Gray matter degeneration
E. Simko WCVM
Congenital and/or inherited disorders
Cerebellar hypoplasia
Hydrocephalus
Hydranencephaly & Porencephaly
Storage disease
Degenerative diseases
Cerebrospinal fluid - Ventricular system
Coronal Section
Subdural space
Lateral Ventricle
Choroid plexus
Third Ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth Ventricle
E. Simko WCVM