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Time and Periodicity • • • • • Phase Amplitude Period Frequency Time Smartness of neurons in big brains – Each neuron is ‘less smart’, contributes less to whole – Less communication with rest of brain – Overall load can be increased, with division of labor Top-Down • [P.21] Common terms for cognitive processes? – Aristotle->Descartes, Locke, Hume-> • (!) as hypothetical, works in progress – William James’ list of mind still comprises modern ontology of cognition/behaviour: • Attention, conception, association, memory, perception, reasoning, instinct, emotions, – [p.22] “concepts can be verified or rejected only by studying mechanisms” Top-Down • [P.21] Common terms for cognitive processes? – Aristotle->Descartes, Locke, Hume-> • (!) as hypothetical contructs, works in progress – William James’ list of mind still comprises modern ontology of cognition/behaviour: • Attention, conception, association, memory, perception, reasoning, instinct, emotions, – [p.22] “concepts can be verified or rejected only by studying mechanisms” Top-Down • Turing; artificial intelligence – What our cognitive science has found out about the mind is mostly that we don’t know how it works. (Fodor) Bottom-up • [p.24]To understand brain function – 1. Dynamic structural organization – 2. Physiology of its parts – 3. Mode of operation (Nature of sum of parts) or • Structure defines function (reverse engineering) Bottom-up • [p.24] Brain waves are a collective-order parameter • But if brain is non-linear (complex), will parts yield understanding of whole? Emergent properties? Outside-in • [p.26] Sensory stimuli evoke responses in single neurons…BUT problems include… -Inside-out • Never mind grand purpose or what is ‘out there’, just see what groups of neurons do, and determine causal agents.