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World War II Topic B Learning Guide 4 1 Prelude to the invasion of France Part 1 2 Q1. Why did France and Britain come to Poland’s aid in September 1939? •Sept. 3 1939 Britain / France declare war on Germany •Did not want to be fooled by Hitler's negotiation tactics •No longer trusted Hitler •Support was a warning against further expansion ideas •New technique - “Blitzkrieg” •Surprise & Speed (conquered in one month) •Two modern weapons •Tanks & Warplane – Luftwaffe •Poland wiped off the map. – parceled out between the German Reich & the USSR 3 Q.2 Why was the initial phase of the Second World War called the Phoney War? •No actual fighting occurred Oct. 1939 – April 1940 •Period from the fall of Poland until the invasion of Norway •Posturing by both sides •Hitler refines his attack plans •West improve their defenses and wait •Britain position along Belgium Border •France along the Maginot Line 4 Q3. Describe the term blitzkrieg. •An intensive German bombing and use of force at a high rate of speed to conquer a region •A lightning war relying on rapid movement of mechanized forces 5 Territorial Challenges by Hitler Finland Belgium France Britain USSR 6 FALL OF FRANCE 7 Q4. Describe the fall of France in 1940 and draw the map. •Hitler attacked Norway and neutral Denmark •80% of Germany’s iron ore went through Norway •Once Hitler seized Norway, he had ports which would provide excellent bases for attacks on British shipping •Hitler then invaded Holland, Belgium and France. •Germans conquer Belgium & Holland in 1 week 8 •Germans break through France Lines at Ardennes •Two attacks separate British and French troops (encircle both) •British & French fall back to Dunkirk •Hitler wastes time deciding their fate •Armada of boats from Brittan come to Dunkirk to evacuate 330 000 troops •Germany enters Paris 14th of June. •France falls in little over a month •22nd France signs armistice 9 Q5. Explain the partition of France in 1940 and draw the map into your notes. French allowed to govern the interior (new government set up at Vinchy) All civil liberties abolished Ruled by decree French cooperate in hopes of gaining POW’s Vinchy government took its orders from Germany 10 O.H Battle of Britain July 1940 Operation Sea Lion 11 lend-Lease Act March 11 1941 12 Q6. lend-Lease Act aid the allies and end the American’s policy of isolationism? March 11 1941 • It allowed for direct aid by the USA to Great Britain March 11 1941 • They could obtain (through lending or leasing) any material thought necessary by the government. to any nation whose defense was vital to the USA economy • Start of an economic war against Germany • Secured naval and air bases for the USA (destroyers for bases deal) 13 OPERATION BARBAROSSA O.H. JUNE 1941 Battle of Stalingrad Stalin attempts to renegotiate the pact. 14 Q8. What factors contributed to the inability of the Germans to defeat the Soviets in their initial invasion? •Endless supply of soldiers (4.7 million) •Long supply lines •Poor weather & lack of appropriated clothing & winter supplies •Spread to thin •Not enough human resources. 15 16 El Alamein 17 Map of Battle of El Alamein 18 El Alamein Italy/Libya /Egypt Germany/British Egypt Italy had occupied Libya since 1912, a purely economic "expansion." British troops, under a 1936 treaty, stationed to protect the Suez Canal Hitler had offered to aid Mussolini in his invasion, to send German troops to help fend off a British counterattack. 19 At the start of the war, Italian troops in Libya massively outnumbered British forces in Egypt. The Italians finally moved into Egypt in September 1940 Two months later, the British attacked their camps there and intercepted a large column of retreating Italians. In three days they took nearly 40,000 prisoners. 20 Rommel vs Montgomery sent to defend the Italians. Germans focus on conquering Egypt and the middle east. Goal is to cut off the allies supply of oil and gas. Germany / Italy (surrendered Northern Africa) defeated May 1943 21 Q9. Why was control of the North Atlantic Ocean critical to Great Britain and its allies? •Germany had hoped to take advantage of this weak link •Any stoppage of goods could mean a German victory •Need for supplies needed to support the war. •British imports fell from 50 million to 22 million tonnes •USSR desperate for economic & military support •Movement of military supplies to Europe & USSR 22 Q11. Retrieval Chart Major battles of WWII Handout Battle Date/Location Significance Battle of Britain July to Sept.1940 Unsuccessful Stalingrad Sept. 1942 Jan 1943 Massive defeat El Alamein Oct. 1942 Defeat of Ger. D-Day June 6 1944 German Retreat Midway June 1942 Allies control Pacific Hiroshima & Nagasaki Aug. 1945 Ends the Pacific War 23 THE TURNING POINTS IN EUROPE Battle of Britain July to Sept. 1940 Battle of Stalingrad Sept. 1942 to Jan. 1943 D-Day June 6 1944 El Alamein Oct. 1942 24 Q12. Outline the agreements made in each of the following war time conferences. O.H./H.O. & Slides 25 Atlantic Charter August 1941 26 Atlantic Charter August 1941 FDR and Churchill Warship off the coast of Newfoundland. A joint statement emphasising their support of democratic principles which should prevail after the war. (U.N) 27 Casablanca Jan. 24th 1943 28 Casablanca Jan. 24th 1943 Roosevelt / Churchill /de Gaulle Demand for unconditional surrender of axis Aid to the USSR Agreed to invade Sicily & Italy 29 MOSCOW CONFERENCE OCT. 1943 USA, GB, USSR, CHINA Cooperation against axis Unconditional surrender of Germany, Italy,& Japan Discussion of a world peace organization 'That [the four powers] recognise the necessity of establishing at the earliest practicable date a general international organisation, based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all peaceloving states, and open to membership by all such states, large and small, for the maintenance of international peace and security.’ (clause 4) 30 The Teheran Conference Nov. 1943 31 The Teheran Conference Nov. 1943 “Big three” Stalin, Churchill, & Roosevelt. Review military strategy Not if full agreement disagreed on invasion point. Churchill proposal a second front in Balkans Stalin Guaranteed a second front in Europe in spring 1944 Stalin promised a major offensive from the east at the same time. Could not agree on the boundaries for Poland. Agreements reached that Germany would be divided Allied troops would pull out of Iran. 32 Yalta February 1945 33 Yalta February 1945 “Big Three” meet for the last time USSR 40 miles from Berlin. Hmmm !!!! Germany would be divided into 4 zones of occupation Poland’s boundaries would be altered. Poland would be left to choose freely its own government. USSR would enter the war against Japan after the defeat of Germany USSR to get southern part of Sakahalin and the Kuril Islands Rights to Manchuria Other territorial privileges in the far east. 34 Yalta cont. Continue with their thoughts about the U.N.Call for a conference of nations to promote peace and security 35 Potsdam 3 conference July 16th – August 2nd 1945 rd Stalin, Atlee (G.B.) & Truman (USA) 36 Potsdam cont. War is over in Europe Mistrust between USSR and West grows. 37 Potsdam cont. Atomic bomb is ready to go!!! 38 Potsdam cont. Final Boundaries for the German occupation zones was decided, including Berlin. 39 Potsdam cont. Germany to pay reparations De-nazification Demilitarization Democratization Soviets would occupy Korea N of the 38// & supervise the Japanese surrender. Provisional government in Poland. Poland’s borders would be realigned. 40 WAR CRIMES Nuremburg Trials Nazis accused of war crimes would be brought to trial. 41 Q16 Holocaust Video World at War Genocide: 1941 – 45 60.00 minutes. Nuremburg Trials 1945 - 1949 Established the international precedent of holding individuals responsible for war crimes. Type of Crime Examples of this Crime Crimes Against Peace Planning or preparing for war Waging a war of aggression Violating international treaties War Crimes Violations Crimes Against Humanity Murder of rules for war Murder, slave labour, mistreatment of civilians or prisoners of war Unnecessary destruction of civilian targets or extermination, enslavement, inhumane acts against civilians because of political, racial, 42 Nuremburg trials chart or religious reasons. 2:15 1:08 D-DAY Operation Overlord •June 6th 1944 •Largest seaborne invasion in history •2nd front -----Teheran Conference •April 1945 invasion of Berlin 43 JAPAN VS USA 44 Q7. Why and how did Japan draw the USA into WWII? •1939 trade restrictions placed on Japan by USA following Japan’s invasion of China Manchuria invasion. •June 1940 Establishing of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere to ensure Japan access to resources and markets. 45 Japan vs. USA cont. •Japan looking to expand their resources & living space to complete industrialization. •American petroleum, steel, iron, copper & industrial machinery, aviation fuel, scrape metal were restricted, eventually all trade terminates. 46 Map Japanese Expansion in the Pacific 47 •USA stationed pacific Fleet in Pearl Harbor as a deterrent to Japans occupation in Northern Indochina (threat to British naval base in Singapore & oil supplies in Dutch East Indies) •Removal of the Pacific Fleet removes American power to resist Japanese territorial expansion in Eastern Asia •Japan’s choice negotiate or go to war •Dec.7 1941 Pearl Harbor attacked. 48 1.55 USA in Midway 49 Q.10 Explain the Allied strategy in the Pacific theatre of war. What part did the Soviets Play? •“Europe First” then Japan •Soviet invasion of Manchuria would not allow the Japanese's to return their army to defend the homeland 50 Q14. Explain the twofold significance of the American possession of the Atomic Bomb by July 1945. •No loss of American troops clip •Quicker end to the war •No need for Soviet support 51 Q.15. How and when did the Pacific War end? Hiroshima 2:56 •Dropping of bombs made a Japanese invasion unnecessary • Japanese surrendered September 2, 1945 Missouri 52 Q17. Assignment: Was Hiroshima needed to end the war? 53 1. What does J. Samuel Walker say about the claim that “Hiroshima was done to save hundreds of thousands of American lives”? •He believes that the bomb was not necessary, since the Americans knew from intercepted transmissions that the Japanese would surrender as long as they could retain their emperor. He thinks that the bomb was used so that Japan would surrender before the Soviets joined the fight, and as a result cut them out of territorial clams, 2. For what 3 reasons do the authors claim that the bomb was not necessary? 1. Intercepted messages stated that Japan wished to end the war and would as long as they could retain their emperor. 2. The entry of the Soviets into the war would tip the balances against Japan. 3. The American’s had no intentions of eliminating the Emperor. 54 3.What did Professor Bernstein discover from declassified American documents? He discovered that military estimates of the worst case prediction was only 46 000 lives, not the 500 000 claimed, even if an invasions had take place. 4. What was discovered from a “top secret War Department intelligence study”? •It states that the Japanese were in such dire straits in the summer of 1945 that even a preliminary November landing on Kyshu island was only a “remote” possibility and that a full assault of the Japanese main home islands in the spring of 1946”would not have been necessary. •Japan would have surrendered without the dropping of the Atomic bombs. 5. Why might Truman have “lost interest in a major Red Army attack?” •If the war was ended without Russia being involved in so much of the kill, and then would not be in a position to make claims in China. •Soviet help was not needed in order to make the Japanese surrender. 55 6. Why do some scholars believe that Hiroshima “had as much to do with the origins of the cold war as with the end of the Second World War? •The Bomb was not dropped to force the Japanese to surrender, but to warn the Soviets. •The decision to bomb Japan was centrally connected to Truman’s confrontational approach to the Soviet Union. •As a result of the bombing, the Soviets stepped up their nuclear efforts to catch up with the American which did the same to stay ahead. 56