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Chapter 15 Prelude to Another World Conflict (1920-1941) ~Japan is not yet curbed by WWII and is seeking expansion ~Many dictators are rising to power: Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, and Tojo & the Japanese Military ~Americans do not want to be involved in WWII A. U.S. DIPLOMACY – HARDING TO HOOVER INTER-WAR YEARS DOMINATED BY: 1. Isolationism: - Desire to avoid alliances or getting involved around the world. Ex. Opposition to joining the Ex. Neutrality Act of League of Nations & not ratifying 1935- authorized the Treaty of Versailles president to ban arms sales to warring nations * Events in Asia and Europe, however, will make this position difficult to maintain… *We did not, however, stay completely out of world affairs following WWI… 2. Examples of Involvement in World Affairs During the 1920’s a. 1922 Washington Naval Conference: Dealt with the naval arms race in Pacific, especially Japan’s goal of empire, by limiting the number of warships countries could build, recognizing each other’s territories, and agreeing to submit differences to a conference for resolution c. Dawes Plan - when Germany’s economy falls apart: - US loans money to Ger. b.1928 Kellog-Briand Pact: - Outlawed war except in self-defense * 65 nations sign it * Unenforceable - no organization to back it up **Still actually in effect today… - Ger. Pays WWI debts to Allies - Allies pay back loans to the US * If this had not happened, Ger. would have gone bankrupt ** Could have led to a new war d.GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY (toward Latin America in the 1930’S) ~DIPLOMACY RATHER THAN MILITARY INTERVENTION (OF 1910’S AND 1920’S) •Repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine • Nullified the Platt Amendment • Went so far as to say we didn’t have the right to intervene in the internal affairs of other nations e. Japanese takeover of Manchuria: - In 1931 Japan invades & occupies this Chinese province - Sets up puppet state called “Manchukuo” -U.S. declares its opposition * Japan continues but is unwilling to intervene seeking a Pacific Empire **Internationalists in U.S. warn that American inaction would only encourage more aggression… B. INTERNATIONAL CHALLENGES IN 1930’S 1.. Rise of Totalitarian Dictatorships *Totalitarianism – the State or the government is supreme, few individual rights exist, and no opposition is tolerated a. Italy – Mussolini and his Fascist followers promise a return to earlier period of glory and a Mediterranean/African empire * ATTACKS ETHIOPIA IN 1935 AND ALBANIA IN 1939 “Ill Duce” b. Japan – Tojo and the military gain control, reducing Emperor Hirohito to a political figurehead *Japan was in an ultra-nationalistic era at the time, desiring to be a Nation considered a “great power” … *Limited in size and raw materials, Japan pursues expansion with the goal of becoming a Pacific empire and great power ** ATTACKS: -MANCHURIA 1931 -ALL OF CHINA 1937 -INDO-CHINA 1940 c. GERMANY - HITLER ~1923 FAILED MUNICH (or “Beer Hall”) PUTSCH AND HIS AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL BOOK, MEIN KAMPF (MY STRUGGLE) ~CRITICIZES TREATY OF VERSAILLES, BLAMES JEWS FOR GERMANY’S WOES, GLORIFIES ARYAN RACE, IS ANTI-COMMUNIST ~HE AND HIS NAT’L SOCIALIST OR NAZI PARTY GAIN CONTROL IN 1933 ~MILITARIZES AND BEGINS POLICY OF TERRITORIAL EXPANSION THAT LEADS TO WWII 2. Economics: - Worldwide depression and high tariffs has international trade at a minimum - Many nations find themselves unable to pay off their debt from WWI - U.S. stop loans to Ger. (under Dawes Plan) so they stop paying reparations to Allies * We only collect about ¼ of what we were due from WWI **In America this causes resentment and the strengthening of Isolationism C. THE THREAT OF WAR -Japan renews attacks on China in July of 1937 1. Japanese Militarism in Asia: -US sympathizes with China, but sells arms to both sides. -FDR suggests action but isolationism prevails 1938 RAPE OF NANKING *1937 Panay Incident – U.S. gunboat sunk by Japanese in China, an incident that pushed us toward war with Japan *Ludlow Amendment: would have required a national vote before U.S. could go to war. > Was only narrowly defeated in Congress 2. GERMAN EXPANSION *Lebensraum – “living space” a). 1936 Germany invades the Rhineland Rhineland - Area between Ger & France occupied by Germany against the terms of Treaty of Versailles France, not wanting war, merely protests… b. In 1938 Austria was annexed or added to Germany without opposition from the rest of Europe > “Anschluss” * APPEASEMENT WESTERN EUROPEAN POWERS’ POLICY OF GIVING IN TO HITLER’S LAND GRABS TO AVOID WAR “They’ll never act, they’ll only protest, and they’ll always be too late” Hitler c) Sudetenland (1938) ~ Western section of Czechoslovakia ~Hitler claimed it was German land, populated by Germans, and should be part of Germany *Munich Conference – Western powers agree to the Sudetenland’s annexation to avoid war with Germany Neville Chamberlain ~British P.M. who claimed to have found “peace for our time” when the Sudetenland was given to Hitler in 1938 at the Munich Conference *He thought he’d done the right thing to avoid war – others were opposed to this thinking… d) Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939: German-Soviet non-aggression pact that said neither side would attack the other * Secretly divided Poland between them and gave Finland to the U.S.S.R. 3. World War II Begins POLAND - Sept. 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland with “Blitzkrieg” or lightning warfare -Br/Fr declare war, having pledged to defend Poland -Soviets invade Poland from the East *After 5 weeks Poland surrenders a) U.S. POSITION 1. FDR ISSUES PROCLAMATION OF NEUTRALITY 2. TO HELP ALLIES, HOWEVER, WE CREATE A POLICY KNOWN AS “CASH AND CARRY” *This was sort of a compromise between FDR and the isolationists who wanted to avoid war ~WE SELL ARMS TO ALLIES AS LONG AS THEY PAY CASH AND TRANSPORT GOODS ON OWN SHIPS b) GERMAN VICTORIES ~After “Phony War” lull in winter of 1939 *”Sitzkrieg” 1. APRIL 1940 – NORWAY, DENMARK 2. MAY 1940 – BELGIUM & NETHERLANDS 3. MAY/JUNE 1940 - FRANCE ~DunKirk: Coast of France where retreating British soldiers were just barely evacuated across the English Channel by any available craft *Britain now stands alone in Western Europe **Winston Churchill Named Prime Minister following Chamberlain ~”We shall never surrender” ~”This will be our finest hour” U.S.S. WINSTON CHURCHILL D. BETWEEN PEACE 1. BATTLE OF BRITAIN “THE BLITZ” AND WAR ~Late 1940/early 1941 ~German attempt to bomb Britain into submission or soften them up for invasion * LUFTWAFFE VS. R.A.F. ~Air raid sirens, blackouts, subway stations as bomb shelters, sending children to countryside or abroad 2. FDR’s Third Term a) Democrats:Nominate FDR despite reservations about someone running for an unprecedented third term b) Republicans: Nominate Wendell Willkie Wendell Willkie ~FDR easily wins (54% popular vote) (When British run out of money for ‘cash & carry’ we create:) 3. Lend-Lease: FDR says we must become the“Arsenal of Democracy” -Allowed FDR to sell, lend, and lease war materials to any nation’s who’s defense was important to U.S. *British ships transporting goods from the U.S. to Britain had to avoid German “wolf packs” or subs 4. End of Isolationism a) June 1941 Germany attacks the Soviet Union * Operation “Barbarossa” ** violates the 1939 non-aggression pact *Largest military operation in human history! Ex. 4mill Ger troops and 600,000 motorized vehicles!! - U.S. extends Lend-Lease policy to Soviet Union - U.S./Britain opposed to communist government in U.S.S.R. but need an ally against Hitler * U.S. not at war yet, but FDR and Churchill meet to discuss goals of a possible alliance b) Atlantic Charter U.S./British alliance would: - seek no territorial gain -self-determination for occupied countries - disarm aggressors - permanent system of general security (U.N.) c) U.S. – Japanese Relations - worsened since Japan attacked China in 1937 - U.S. wanted to cut off trade but feared Japan would attack neighbors for raw materials -When Japan sets up military bases in former European Colonies in S.E. Asia (Indo-China) we: *Why didn’t the European countries stop the Japanese?? Sept 1940 – place embargo on oil, metal, etc. July 1941 – freeze Japanese bank accounts in U.S. Nov 1941 – meet in Washington D.C. to discuss differences *Nov 25th – Japanese carriers set out for Pearl Harbor… d) PEARL HARBOR Sunday Dec 7th, 1941 Japanese carrier-based planes attack U.S. Pacific Naval Fleet stationed at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii •Ex. U.S.S. Arizona ~Approximately 2,400 dead ~19 ships sunk or badly damaged •U.S.S. Oklahoma ~150 planes destroyed – most while still on the ground The U.S.S. Arizona Memorial Huge blow to U.S. as Japan goes on unchecked offensive in the Pacific for the next 6 months Not a total disaster – our aircraft carriers were out to sea and were, therefore, undamaged And most of the damaged ships were repaired and put back into service On Dec 8th FDR asks for/receives declaration of war from Congress *Only one negative vote… Jeanette Rankin from MT “Yesterday, December 7th, 1941, a date which will live in infamy” FDR