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Prelude to War
Italy
Many Italians felt
humiliated after
WWI.
Felt shortchanged
in the peace
settlement of WWI.
Benito Mussolini
School
teacher,
journalist and
political
activist
Benito Mussolini
Joined a group of WWI veterans
and founded the Fascist Party.
Fascism - political philosophy
that values the nation or race over
individual.
Benito Mussolini
1926 - Mussolini declares a
dictatorship.
“Il Duce” - The Leader.
1935 - invades Ethiopia
1936 - controls Ethiopia
Drill 2/15
• Define fascism and Nazism
• OBJECTIVES
– SWBAT explain how Hitler and the Nazi
party’s rise to power
– SWBAT discuss Britain and France’s
policy of appeasement and determine
whether or not it was a mistake.
Germany
Germans wanted revenge
for the defeat in WWI and
degrading terms of the Treaty
of Versailles.
Adolf Hitler
Poorly educated
Austrian.
Painter.
Powerful
speaking skills.
Adolf Hitler
Veteran of WWI.
Joined German Workers Party in
1919.
Name changed to National
Socialist German Workers Party in
1920 (Nazi Party)
Adolf Hitler in WWI
Adolf Hitler
Hitler and the
Nazis increased in
power throughout
the 1920s and 1930s
(55,000).
Attempt to take
Munich
Adolf Hitler
Rebellion put down.
Hitler put in jail for treason
for 9 months.
Begins writing Mein Kampf
(My Struggle)
Mein Kampf
A diagnosis
of Germany’s
problems and
how to cure
them.
Great Depression in Germany
Worse than in the U. S.
war debt, high unemployment,
massive inflation.
Hitler promises to stabilize
country and rebuild economy.
Return Germany to her former
Glory.
Nazi Party
1933 - largest party in the
Reichstag (German
Parliament)
Hitler named chancellor.
He suspends civil liberties
and becomes dictator.
Rise of the Nazi Party
• Hitler was responsible
for Nazi control of the
Reichstag in 1930.
• By 1932 the Nazi Party
is the largest in
Germany
• Based on promises of
change and stability.
“Reichstag” or German Parliament
Chancellery to Fürher
• January 1933, President Hindenburg appointed
Hitler to be Chancellor of Germany. (Head of
the Government)
• Nazi thugs, Storm Troopers, begin a campaign
of intimidation to silence Hitler’s critics.
• Spring 1934, Parliament gave Hitler Dictatorial
powers
• August 1934, Hitler becomes President and
Chancellor of Germany. Dubs himself “Der
Fürher.” Means ‘leader’ of Germany.
Nazi Support Grows
Der Fuhrer (The Leader)
Hitler blamed the Jews for
the economic problems of
Germany.
Anti-Semitism - hatred of
Jews.
Adolf Hitler
Believed that the Aryans belonged
to a master race.
Aryans - blond hair, blue eyed
Germans.
–Lebensraum: “Living Space” for
all Germans
Adolf Hitler
Called for a boycott of all
Jewish shops, burned books
written by Jewish authors
and imprisoned Jews in
concentration camps.
A Jewish
shop is
labeled as
is the man
depicted
here.
Adolf Hitler
1936 - march into the
Rhineland.
Wanted to take back land
taken away from Germany in
the Treaty of Versailles.
The Alliance
1936 - Hitler and Mussolini form
an alliance; become Axis Powers.
German Aggression continues
1938 - Hitler annexes
Austria.
Later that year he
demands Sudetenland
(part of
Czechoslovakia with a
German population)
Appeasement
England and France were
reluctant to become
involved in another war.
Appeasement - keep the
peace by giving in to
someone’s demands.
Hitler’s
forces in
Cologne,
Germany
Hitler’s Aggression continues
Takes all of Czechoslovakia.
1939 - signs a nonaggression pact with Soviet
Union.
Sept 1, 1939 - Invades
Poland.
Europe
Europe
before
After
WWII
WWI
War is declared
Two days after
the invasion of
Poland, England
and France
declare war on
Germany.
War is
declared!
Summary
• How did Hitler rise to power?
• Describe the treatment of Jews in Nazi
Germany
• What was “appeasement”? Was it a
mistake?
• What event started WWII?
Japan
Japan consisted of a chain
of small islands in the
Pacific.
They lacked the raw
materials for a booming
industrial country.
Japan
Japan
1931 - Japan attacked Manchuria
(rich in minerals).
League of Nations protested, but
they were too weak to help.
1937 - Japan seizes Shanghai,
Nanjing, Beijing and other Chinese
cities.
Japan
1940 - signed an alliance
with Germany and Italy,
known as the Tripartite Pact.
Japan
1941 - Japan attacks
Indochina (ruled by France)
American Response
Isolationist attitude
prevailed in America.
3 Neutrality Acts were
passed.
American Response
Many Americans did become
convinced to help the Allies.
Between 1939/1940, Axis Powers
defeated Poland, Norway,
Denmark, Belgium, Luxembourg
and France.
In Asia - Japan taking over
French and Dutch colonies.
American Response
England was the only
country resisting the
Axis Powers.
American Response
Roosevelt
moved to
help Great
Britain.
Winston
Churchill
asks for
ships….
American Response
Roosevelt agrees to give 50
old ships for sites to build 8
naval and air bases in the
Western hemisphere.
Lend Lease Act
America would supply
England with supplies and
get the payment later.
U. S. relations with Japan
By mid 1940s, U. S. stopped
selling scrap metal and oil to
Japan.
Naval base in Hawaii stood
in Japan’s way of dominating
the Pacific.
Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941, Japan
launched a surprise attack on Pearl
Harbor.
5 battleships, 3 cruisers and 200
airplanes destroyed.
 2,335 servicemen, 68 civilians
died.
Aboard a Japanese
carrier before the
attack
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor
USS Shaw
USS Shaw
Battleship Row Pearl Harbor
Arizona, Tennessee, and West Virginia
Utah rolling over after
torpedo hits
Pennsylvania in
background, wrecks of
Cassin and Downes in
foreground
Honolulu
Star
Bulletin
December
7, 1941
War is Declared
The following
day, Congress
approves declaring
war on Japan.
Three days later,
Germany and Italy
declare war on the
U. S.
Remember
Pearl Harbor
AntiJapanese
poster
V for Victory
Winston
Churchill, in a
famous speech
called for a V for
Victory.
WWII Postcard
WWII Postcard - Machine Gun Practice
Four Freedoms - FDR
Freedom of speech
Freedom of worship
Freedom from want
Freedom from fear
Winston Churchill and FDR aboard
the U. S. S. Augusta, August, 1941.
Signed the Atlantic
Charter
Democratic
postwar world.
Demanded selfdetermination for
all nations.
Equal trading
rights.
Desperate conditions in Europe
Blitzkrieg - “lightening war”.
Germany takes France.
England survived the Battle of
Britain, but bombings took a toll.
Hitler breaks nonaggression pact
with Soviets and strike deep into
Soviet territory.
Blitzkrieg
Germans take Paris June 22, 1940
Battle of Britain
• To invade Britain, Hitler’s air force first had to
wipe out the British Royal Air Force (RAF).
He underestimated both the effectiveness of
British radar and their outstanding Spitfire
fighter planes.
Germans freeze in the Russian Winter
During the fall and early winter of 1941, German armored
divisions had advanced toward Moscow at a rapid pace, capturing
hundreds of thousands of Soviet troops in the process.
By late November, German armored divisions, within a day’s
travel, threatened the city.
But by the first week of December, snow began falling, and
temperatures plunged to -40° F.
The German soldiers, not dressed for winter weather, were
freezing and losing their will to fight. Their equipment also froze,
becoming useless.
The Russian winter finally accomplished what its military had
failed to do: It halted the German offensive.
North Africa
German
Field Marshall
Erwin
Rommel
“Desert Fox”
was extremely
successful.
Operation Torch
Dwight
Eisenhower.
1942 - North
African campaign
Allies took
Morocco, Algeria,
Tunisia and headed
north towards Italy.
North Africa Campaign
• Significance – By capturing North
Africa, the Allies were able to
move north into Italy.
Invasion of Italy
•
•
•
•
Date: July 1943-1945
People: Eisenhower, Mussolini
Locations: Salerno, Italy
Advantages/Disadvantages: Allies eliminate
Italy as an enemy; Gives Allies a launching
point for other battles
• Outcome: forced Italy to surrender; Mussolini
out of power
• Significance: Allies control territory south of
Germany
Italians overthrew Mussolini
1945,
captured &
executed.
Death of
Mussolini
and his
mistress.
jjj
Pacific Front
Japan took Guam, Wake,
Hong Kong in China (British
colony) and Singapore
(British naval base).
Douglas MacArthur driven
from Philippines.
Battle of Midway
U. S. had broken
Japanese code and
found out about attack.
Admiral Chester
Nimitz sent planes.
Japanese were
winning…but
Battle of Midway
While the Japanese were
refueling, a group of divebombers that were lost found
their target.
All 4 ships destroyed.
One of the American ships lost at Midway
Battle of Guadalcanal
After months of heavy
fighting Americans control
the water and cut off supplies
to the Japanese.
Guadalcanal
Landing on Guadalcanal
Radio used by
Coastwatcher
Japanese casualties at the Battle
of Tenaru River.
Remnants of the Battle of Guadalcanal
Battle of Guadalcanal
• Date: 1942
• Key people: Japan – Yamamoto
–United States – Admiral Nimitz
–Location: Guadalcanal in the
Solomon Islands
–Outcome: Allies defeat the
Japanese
Guadalcanal
• Advantage US – surprise attack
• Advantage Japan – on home turf, better
planes
• Disadvantage for both – hot, humid
conditions; malaria
• Significance – 1st Allied offensive against
Japan
Philippine Campaign
•
•
•
•
Date: Oct. 1944-June 1945
People: MacArthur
Locations: Manila, Luzon, Leyte Gulf
Advantages/Disadvantages: Japanese used
kamikazes and a network of caves in fighting
Americans
• Outcome: Allied victory; Able to free Filipinos
• Significance: Took Philippines back from
Japan
Tehran,
Iran
Stalin, Roosevelt
and Churchill
meet for the first
time.
They decided on
an invasion across
the English
Channel.
Battle of Normandy
Operation Overlord - drive
Germans out of France.
D-Day - largest amphibious
invasion in history.
Germans expected the
attack near Calais.
Battle of Normandy: June 6, 1944
Omaha Beach, Normandy June 8, 1944
Information station, Omaha
Beach
St Jean Des
Baisants,
Normandy
June 30,
1944
Two GI’s in Normandy
The area is
secured!
Allies Free
Paris,
France August,
1944.
Battle of the Bulge
Germans launched a
counterattack in Belgium and
Luxembourg.
Germans lost strength.
Soviets pushed in from the
East.
Europe
Yalta Conference, the Big 3
Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin
Yalta Conference – Feb 1945
• Yalta City in the Soviet Union
• “The Big Three discussed what
to do with Germany after the
war.
• Discussed the establishment of
a United Nations.
Divide Germany into 4 sections
• British
• French
• American
• Russian
Berlin also divided into 4 sections
Germany split into peacekeeping zones
Churchill, Truman and Stalin
Potsdam Conference 1945
Women in the Military
300,000 women served in
the armed forces.
Used in all areas except
combat.
Women at
home
African Americans in the
service.
Official Policy - African
Americans could not join the
air force or marines.
Navy - provide food service
only.
All Black Tuskeegee Airmen Nasby Winn; B-25
Navajo Code
Talkers
• Helped US
defeat
Japan
Navaho Code Talkers
Navaho Code Talkers
Navaho Code Talkers
The only
US code
not broken
by the
Japanese.
Navaho Code Talkers
Even a GI
Navajo Joe
doll was made
to
commemorate
the Navajo!
Navaho Code Talkers
Navaho Code Talkers
Iwo Jima taken as a
result of the
Navajo
Code
Talkers!
A reunion in 1969
Japanese Internment Camps
• The forced removal of
over 110,000 people of
Japanese descent from
their homes into 10
wartime communities.
Japanese Internment Camps
Japanese Internment Camps
Photo by
Dorothea
Lange
Japanese Internment Camps
Japanese Internment Camps
Japanese Internment Camps
Japanese Internment Camps
Japanese Internment Camps
Japanese Internment Camps
92nd Infantry Division
The
“Buffaloes”
fought with
General
George Patton
in France.
Albert Einstein
Physicist
who
speculated
that the
Atomic Bomb
could be
developed.
Manhattan Project
Goal - invent the Atomic
Bomb.
Employed 120,000 people.
Cost 2 billion.
J. Robert Oppenheimer
• Physicist who
headed the
project.
• “Now I am
become Death,
the destroyer of
worlds.”
Truman decides to drop
the bomb.
B - 29
Photo taken on November 2, 1945 at
The
Enola
Gay;
the
plane
which
John Rodger’s Field (after bomb was
dropped).
dropped the
Atomic Bomb.
“Little Boy”, uranium bomb
Hiroshima
Hiroshima after the bomb
The Bombing
of Hiroshima;
a 14 year old
girl.
The Bombing of Hiroshima
“Fat Man” a plutonium bomb
Nagasaki
Nagasaki after the bomb
The bombing of Nagasaki
Alternatives to using the
Bomb
• Keep on Bombing
• Naval Blockade
• Demonstrate the Bomb
• Let Soviets defeat Japan
Douglas MacArthur signing to end
the war onboard U. S. S. Missouri
The
Beginning of
the Cold War