Download Unit 10 World War II

Unit 10: World War II and
the Cold War
1930-1963
1930s: Militarism returns to Europe with a vengeance!!
Militarism On the Rise
Faced with the Great Depression, people around the
world gave their support to fascist and militaristic
dictators who promised to rebuild the economy.
Fascism
 An ultra-conservative philosophy that glorifies the military
and considers the power of the nation more important
than individual rights.
 Fascist dictators prohibit free speech and label all political
opposition as treason.
 Fascists of the 1930s often gave speeches about returning
the nation to former glory days of empire.
 Examples include Hitler in Germany, Mussolini in Italy, and
Franco in Spain.
Japanese Expansion
1930 - Japanese generals wiped out
recent experiments with democracy
and promised to rebuild the nation’s
economy.
1931 - Japan, under the rule of
Emperor Hirohito, invaded
Manchuria to obtain land & resources
for the island nation.
1937 - Japan launched a full-scale
invasion of China & began to acquire
other Pacific islands. The League of
Nations failed to take action.
Italian Expansion
In Italy, Benito Mussolini gathered
support of conservatives and the
military and established the Fascist
Party.
Soon he obtained dictatorial control
over Italy & began to invade Africa
in an attempt to rebuild a great
Roman empire.
1935 - As Italian forces moved into
Ethiopia, the League of Nations was
unwilling to stop him.
German Expansion
1933 - Adolf Hitler obtained total
control over Germany & began an
aggressive foreign policy in
Europe.
1936 - Hitler moved German troops
into the Rhineland on the border of
France in violation of the Treaty of
Versailles.
1938 - Hitler annexed Austria &
proclaimed the Sudetenland, in
Czechoslovakia, part of the Third
Reich (third German empire).
German Expansion
1938 - Britain & France signed the
Munich Pact with Hitler. They
would not interfere with the grab
for Sudetenland if that would be
the last aggressive move.
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This policy of giving into aggressive
demands in order to keep the
peace is known as appeasement.
1939 - After signing the Nazi-Soviet
Non-aggression Pact with Russia,
Germany invaded Poland.
Two days later, Britain & France
declared war.
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact:
Germany & Soviet Union agreed not to fight & to divide Poland
Poland was divided, prompting Britain & France to declare war.
What Side Is Russia On?
Joseph Stalin had taken control of the
Communist Party in the Soviet Union.
Stalin was a totalitarian dictator, meaning
he wanted total control - even over
how people felt and thought.
Stalin was the political opposite of fascist
dictators like Hitler & Mussolini, but
his tactics - like using secret police to
silence opposition - were the same.
He was totalitarian, but not a fascist
because fascists hate communism. It
was only a matter of time before
Germany & Russia were fighting.
British Prime Minister Winston
Churchill in 1940:
“We shall never surrender!”
British Prime Minister
Chamberlain in 1938:
Munich Pact appeased
Germany’s demand for
Sudetenland in
Czechoslovakia. He
declared it to be a “peace
for our time.”
Isolationism After WWI
After World War I, Americans wanted
nothing more to do with war.
At the Washington Naval Conference, the
US, Britain and Japan agreed to limit the
size of their navies to avoid conflict.
The US and France signed the KelloggBriand Pact in 1928 to outlaw war
except in self-defense.
The US wanted to avoid war, but was not
willing to join the League of Nations to
enforce a “no war” policy.
From Isolation to Intervention
1935-1937 - Italy, Germany, & Japan become
aggressive. Neutrality Acts forbade US
companies from selling war materials or providing
loans to countries at war. FDR was later able to
add a “cash and carry” exception so that Britain &
France could send ships to the US to purchase
supplies.
1937 - FDR delivered his Quarantine Speech, arguing
that the US should move away from its isolationist
policy. Germany, Italy & Japan should be
quarantined before the aggression spread.
From Isolation to Intervention
1939 - Germany invaded Poland. Britain & France
declared war on Germany. Italy declared war on
Britain & France. World war began again.
1940 - German blitzkrieg technique allowed Hitler to
quickly take over Poland, Norway, Denmark &
France. Hitler then set his sights on Britain.
During the Battle of Britain, German planes
bombed British cities for months, but Germans
were unable to invade England.
Who can stop the blitzkrieg?!
With the Soviet Union neutralized (green), Germany & its allies
control most of Europe by 1940 (blue). Only Britain remains (red).
From Isolation to Intervention
Jan 1941 - FDR was less willing to remain
neutral. In his State of the Union address,
Roosevelt outlined Four Freedoms that all
people have a right to: 1) freedom of
speech, 2) freedom of religion, 3) freedom
from want, 4) freedom from fear.
Mar 1941 - End of neutrality. Congress passed the
Lend-Lease Act to allow the US to sell war
materials and lend money to nations at war.
German U-boats began attacking US ships.
Roosevelt: US must be the
“arsenal of democracy”
Dec 7, 1941 - Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. US
officially declared war. Within days, the US
was at war with Japan, Germany & Italy.
Pearl Harbor: “a day that will live in infamy”
Why Pearl Harbor?
Douglas MacArthur
US Army Commander
Pacific Theater
(Japan & the Pacific Islands)
Fighting was fierce in the Pacific. By
1942, Japan defeated the US in the
Philippines. MacArthur retreated to
regroup.
Major Turning Point:
Japan Goes On Defensive!!
Battle at Midway, 1942
With the American naval base
on Midway Island at risk,
Admiral Chester Nimitz had to
defeat Japan.
After breaking the Japanese
code, Nimitz was able to
deliver a surprise attack.
Deploying from aircraft
carriers, swift planes bombed
the Japanese navy.
Japan went on the defensive
for the first time.
Stalingrad, 1943
Faced with winter conditions in
Russia, unprepared German
soldiers surrendered. Germans
go on the defensive, and Soviets
take the offensive for the first
time since Hitler attacked Russia
in the summer of 1941.
Major Turning Point:
Soviets defeat Germany!!
Major Turning Point:
US Defeats Axis Powers in Africa!!
George Patton, 1943
US Army General
European Theater
(Africa, Europe & Russia)
Germans surrendered in
North Africa. Allied forces
moved North toward Italy.
“Old Blood & Guts”
Major Turning Point:
No Negotiations!!
Casablanca Conference
Jan 1943
Roosevelt & Churchill met in
Casablanca, Morocco to
discuss strategy. They
declared that the Allies will
only accept unconditional
surrender.
Major Turning Point:
Allies Prepare for D-Day!!
Tehran
Conference
Dec 1943
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Stalin, Roosevelt &
Churchill (“the Big
Three”) met in
Tehran to discuss
recent successes in
Africa. They
decided that it was
time for a full-scale
invasion of Europe.
The Allies would
now try to take back
German-occupied
France.
Major Turning Point:
Allies Take Back France!!
D-Day
Invasion
(Operation
Overlord)
Jun 1944
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Allied forces
cross the
English
Channel & land
on the beaches
of Normandy,
France.
Paris was
liberated from
the Germans by
August.
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Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, General Dwight D.
Eisenhower, speaks with US paratroopers on June 5, 1944.
Major Turning Point:
Last German Offensive!!
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Battle of the Bulge
Jan 1945
As the Allies pushed the
Germans out of France
and toward the German
heartland, Germany made
one last attempt to break
through Allied lines on the
Western Front.
The shape (not pictured)
of the attempt to penetrate
the Allied lines would give
this battle its nickname.
Major Turning Point:
Germans Surrender!!
V-E Day
May 8, 1945
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About one month
after Roosevelt’s
death (and one
week after Hitler’s
suicide), Germany
surrendered.
Major Turning Point:
Truman & Stalin Collide!!
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The Big Three met in Germany to
discuss the end of the war. The
US now had a new president
(Truman) and Britain a new prime
minister.
Potsdam Conference
Jul 1945
Germany was divided up into
four zones: US, France, Britain
& USSR. The three western
powers agreed that they would
soon give up control of their
zone and establish an
independent, democratic
Germany.
Stalin was not so easy-going.
He wanted a buffer zone and
was determined to keep
control of all of Eastern
Europe.
Major Turning Point:
Success in the Pacific!!
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Island Hopping
1943-1945
General MacArthur
returns to the Pacific.
MacArthur & Nimitz
strategically “leapfrog”
the Pacific Islands,
taking some but
leaving others, on their
way toward Japan.
This strategy allowed
the US to bypass
heavily fortified
Japanese islands and
maintain an element of
surprise.
Major Turning Point:
Victory on Japanese Home Turf!!
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Iwo Jima
Feb 1945
First US attack on
Japanese home
territory. Some of
the fiercest fighting
in the Pacific.
18,000 Japanese
fought until there
was only 200 or so
left to take prisoner.
Major Turning Point:
US Ready for Mainland Invasion!!
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Okinawa
Jun 1945
Three-month battle
over the Japanese
island closest to the
main island. 50,000 US
and 100,000 Japanese
casualties. Almost
one-fourth of the
civilian population died.
US wanted to use
Okinawa as a base for
attack on the main
island. Instead, the
atomic bombings
brought Japanese
surrender.
Major Turning Point:
V-J Day - Japanese Surrender
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The Bomb
Aug 1945
While at the Potsdam
Conference, Truman
learned about the first
successful testing of the
atomic bomb by the
Manhattan Project that
had been set up by FDR
under J. Robert
Oppenheimer.
Truman authorized the
bombings of Hiroshima &
Nagasaki in an attempt to
avoid an invasion of
Japan.
Hiroshima
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Before
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After
Nagasaki
Before
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After
Allied Powers
Allied-controlled territory
Axis Powers
Axis-controlled territory
Allied Powers
Allied-controlled territory
Axis Powers
Axis-controlled territory
Allied Powers
Allied-controlled territory
Axis Powers
Axis-controlled territory
Allied Powers
Allied-controlled territory
Axis Powers
Axis-controlled territory
WWII Casualty Percentages
Effects of the War at Home
During WWII, the power of
the federal government
that had been developed
in the New Deal became
even stronger.
The Selective Services Act
was signed by FDR in
1940, becoming the first
peacetime conscription
(draft) in US history.
War Productions Board
Federal government agency in charge of changing America’s
consumer economy into a war economy. By the end of the war,
America would be the leading industrial nation in the world.
The Great Depression was over.
Effects of the War at Home
War Production Board
In 1939, the US was using horses to pull heavy artillery.
From 1942 to 1945 Americans built 17 aircraft carriers, 297,000
aircraft, 193,000 artillery pieces, 86,000 tanks, and 2,000,000
army trucks. American industrial production doubled.
In 1941, three million cars were made. Only 139 more would be
made during the war. Instead, GM made airplane engines, guns,
trucks and tanks.
An average Ford car at the time had 15,000 parts. A B-24 bomber
had 1,550,000 and one came off the Ford line every 63 minutes!
By the end of the war, more than half of all industrial production in
the world took place in the US.
Effects of the War at Home
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Rationing - to have enough supplies for the
soldiers, products in the US were rationed.
Americans could not buy as much as they
wanted. When the stamps ran out, that
was it!
 Meat, coffee, butter, cheese, sugar, gas, nylon,
rubber, tin foil, bobby pins, shoes, gum, zippers,
matches, cigarettes
Children gathered scrap metal, tin cans,
textiles, tires for the war effort.
Taxes increased and individuals & companies
purchased war bonds to finance the war.
Effects of the War at Home
Eight million women entered the
workforce to build war supplies,
symbolized by Rosie the Riveter.
For the first time, many women left
their home towns, lived on their
own, & earned good money.
To serve in the military, women joined
the Women’s Auxiliary Corps
(WACs) and female units of the
Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, and
Marines.
Japanese Internment
Two months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt
issued Executive Order 9066, authorizing the War
Department to identify “military areas” and then
exclude anyone from those areas they felt to be a
danger to national security.
Japanese American citizens living on the West Coast
were rounded up and moved to camps in Arizona,
Colorado, Utah & Wyoming.
Thousands of German & Italian non-citizens were also
rounded up and deported, but German or Italian
citizens were not interned.
110,000 Japanese Americans were held in 10
internment camps from 1942 to 1945.
Korematsu v. US (1944):
Fred Korematsu sued the federal
government over being forced to go
to the camps. The internment was
ruled constitutional by the Supreme
Court in the interest of national
security.
Japanese Internment
“The Japanese race is an enemy race, and while many
second and third generation Japanese born on United
States soil, possessed of United States citizenship, have
become ‘Americanized,’ the racial strains are
undiluted.” - Lt. Gen. John L. DeWitt
“If all of the Japs were removed tomorrow, we’d never
miss them…because the white farmers can take over
and produce everything the Jap grows. And we don’t
want them back when the war ends, either.” - Head of
the California Grower-Shipper Vegetable Association
All Japanese American citizens with 1/16th Japanese blood
or more were given one week to settle their affairs
before evacuation.
“Double V”
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“The ‘V for Victory’ sign is being displayed
prominently in so-called democratic countries
which are fighting for victory over
aggression, slavery and tyranny. If this V
sign means that to those now engaged in this
great conflict, then let we colored Americans
adopt the double VV for a double victory. The
first V for victory over our enemies from
without, the second V for victory over our
enemies from within. For surely those who
perpetrate these ugly prejudices here are
seeking to destroy our democratic form of
government just as surely as the Axis forces.”
- James Thompson
The Great Migration
In the early 20th Century, almost one million African Americans
migrate to Northern cities in search of opportunity.
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African Americans and Latinos also
benefited from the opening of jobs
during the war. Many, however, faced
brutal racism, violence, and segregation
as they took advantage of these new
opportunities. Race riots began to break
out Northern & Southern cities.
Tuskegee Airmen - African American fighter squadron that
escorted & protected bombers from enemy pilots. Never lost a
single bomber!
Effects of War at Home
G.I. Bill - Veterans received money from the
federal government for college and loans for
new homes in return for their service. As a
result, the US would experience an economic
boom and rise in the middle class in the 1950s.
Levittown - With so many new home buyers,
William Levitt devised a way to mass-produce
new cheap homes. Suburbs, nicknamed
“Levittowns” sprang up across the country.
Baby boomers - A whole generation of babies
were born upon return of the veterans!
Families who could take advantage of the
economic prosperity were promised the
American Dream.
The “Big Three”
•Roosevelt
•Stalin
•Churchill
1. Casablanca
3. Potsdam
2. Tehran
As the war came to a halt, The
US and Soviets no longer had a
common enemy. The enemy’s
enemy was no longer our
friend. Tensions over
communism and the totalitarian
rule of Stalin rose with the end
of the war.
Iron Curtain - Stalin established dominance
over Eastern Europe and tightened security.
Churchill claimed that Stalin was building an
“iron curtain” to hide and protect his rule.
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A Cold War emerged, so called
because the US and Soviets never
fought each other directly.
Democracy v. Totalitarianism
Capitalism v. Communism
Truman Doctrine - U.S. foreign
policy after WWII. The U.S. would
work to prevent further expansion of
communism. This policy is also
called “containment.”
Marshall Plan - Economic policy of
containment. Lend $12.5 billion to help
rebuild Western Europe so people would
not be tempted to join the communists.
The city of Berlin, deep within
Soviet territory, had been
divided up like Germany. Stalin
tried to block Western access to
the city hoping that the US
would hand over all of Berlin.
Truman refused and ordered
supplies to be dropped on
Western Berlin for over a year
until Stalin lifted the blockade.
Berlin Airlift
1948-1949
Arms Race
US v. USSR
1945 - US atomic weapons
1949 - Soviet atomic weapons
1949 - Communist revolution in China
1950-1954 - US defense spending
triples
1952 - US Hydrogen bomb
By 1950, two major countries with large
populations have communist governments.
The US government hoped to prevent
more countries from following.
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1945 - Stalin lowered his
“iron curtain” over Eastern
Europe
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1949 - Chairman Mao led
communist revolution in
China
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Identify hotspots of communism during the 1950s and 60s.
Korean War
Japan withdrew from Korea after
surrendering in 1945. Korea was
split between the North, influenced
by the Soviets and Chinese, and the
South, influenced by the US and
Western powers.
In 1950, North Koreans crossed the
dividing line at the 38th Parallel in
an effort to reunite the country.
Without declaring war, Truman sent
troops to Korea. He claimed that
the troops were part of a UN police
action, not war.
Korean War
General MacArthur fought the North
Koreans back across the 38th Parallel,
but did not stop there. American troops
pushed north toward China.
As China prepared to enter the war,
Truman decided that the US could not
afford a war with China.
Truman fired MacArthur for speaking out
publicly against his decision.
The US and North Korea remained in a
stalemate for three years.
In 1953, Eisenhower was elected
president, Stalin died, and a cease-fire
was arranged with Korea.
Eisenhower’s Cold War
Eisenhower Doctrine - The US
would use force to stop the
spread of communism. The US
would also aid groups in the
Middle East who were trying to
fight off Soviet influence.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
WWII D-Day Commander
President 1953-1960
Central Intelligence Agency Established to gather secret
information and carry out covert
operations around the world.
Eisenhower’s Cold War
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U-2 Incident
Eisenhower had almost cooled
relations with the Soviets
enough to meet with their
leader Khrushchev, when an
American spy plane was shot
down in Soviet airspace.
Eisenhower denied it was part
of a spy operation before
realizing that the Soviets had
captured the pilot alive.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
In 1959, Fidel Castro led a
revolution against a corrupt
regime in Cuba and turned to
the Soviets for help.
Eisenhower and the CIA planned
an invasion to topple the new
Cuban government.
In 1960, the new US president was
encouraged to follow through
with the Bay of Pigs Invasion. It
turned out to be a military and
public relations disaster for
Kennedy.
Berlin Wall
1961 - After the Bay of Pigs fiasco,
relations were strained even more
between the Western powers and
the Soviet Union.
As East Berliners began to migrate to
the more prosperous West Berlin,
Soviet leader Khrushchev
demanded again that the US give
up West Berlin. Kennedy refused.
The Soviets built a concrete wall
through the city, which became a
symbol that the Soviets had to
force its own citizens to stay.
Cuban Missile Crisis
1962 - Aerial surveillance revealed that
there was a Soviet missile base in
Cuba, 90 miles off the coast of
Florida.
Kennedy blockaded ships from entering
Cuba and demanded removal of the
missiles. As Soviet ships approached
the blockade, Americans spent 13
days under the threat of nuclear war.
In the end, a deal was made and the
missiles were removed. A “hot line”
was set up between DC and Moscow
to improve communication.