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Chapter 24 Section 4
Toward Victory
Italy Surrenders
• 1943-Stalin urges Americans and the British to invade France
• Roosevelt and Churchill felt they were not prepared so they
decided to remove Italy from the war
• July 1943 America and Britain sends troops across the
Mediterranean from Tunisia and the Italian island of Sicily is
taken
• After taking Sicily the troops worked North along the Italian
Peninsula
• Mussolini was dismissed from office by the king of Italy and
on September 8, 1943 the new government surrendered to
the allied powers
• But the fighting in Italy was not yet
D-Day
• 1944 Allied forces were ready to invade France
• General Eisenhower led the planning of the landing
• The landing involved thousands of ships and aircraft
http://www.history.com/topics/d-day/photos#
D-day landing at Normandy
http://www.history.com/topics/dwight-d-eisenhower/photos
General Eisenhower
• June 6, 1944 over 155,000 American, British, and Canadian
troops crossed the English Channel
• The troops landed on five of Normandy’s beaches in
western France
• German opposition was quickly overcame at four of the
beaches.
• Omaha Beach presented an especially fierce German
defense against American troops
• Even though the mission was a success 2,500 American
troops died on Omaha Beach
• Within a month over 1 million Allied troops had stormed
ashore and on August 25, 1944 they entered Paris ending
4 months of Nazi rule
http://www.history.navy.mil/
photos/images/s300000/s32
0902.jpg
http://www3.ausa.org/dday/mappage.htm
This map shows the D-Day invasion of Normandy Beach.
Battle of the Bulge
• After reaching Paris in August, Allied troops pushed East until the Germans
counterattacked in Belgium on December 16,1944
• Due to poor weather all Allied aircraft was grounded for the first week of the
German attack
• Hitler poured all of his remaining reserves into the attack and created a “bulge” in
the American lines
• German troops came close to breaking through the lines but were not successful
due to supply shortages
• Both Germany and the Allies lost tens of thousands of men in the battle but
Germany was more affected by the loss because they had used all of their reserves
where as the Allies still had reserves
• Germany was now open from the east and west
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/W
w2_allied_advance_siegfried_line.jpg/985pxWw2_allied_advance_siegfried_line.jpg
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Germany Invaded
• A huge Soviet force entered Germany from the east in January 1945
• Soon after the Soviet force entered from the east the Western Allies
entered from the west
• Allied armies advanced on the ground while their planes bombed German
industries and cities
http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/90706798/resource/
This is a synthetic oil plant in Zeitz,
Germany that was destroyed by
bombs dropped from an Allied plane.
Franklin D. Roosevelt Dies
• While Allies were advancing in Germany the civilians on the home front
were devastated to learn that President Franklin D. Roosevelt had died of
a stroke on April 12, 1945
• Vice President Harry S. Truman, who had little experience dealing with
important policy issues, was thrust into office at a very critical moment
• Many Americans could not remember a leader other than F.D.R. and were
concerned about Truman’s ability to make important decisions
Victory In Europe
• Germany was quickly collapsing and on April 16, Soviet troops began an
assault on Berlin
• Hitler took shelter under the streets of Berlin in a shelter and after seeing
his Nazi empire in ruins, committed suicide on April 30, 1945
• A week after Hitler’s suicide representatives of Germany’s armed forces
unconditionally surrendered at Eisenhower’s headquarters in France
• On May 8th the Allies celebrated V-E Day or Victory in Europe Day
Island Hopping
• Japan’s advance in the Pacific had been stopped at the Battle of Midway in
1942
• After the Battle of Midway Americans went on the offensive with a
strategy known as island hopping
• American forces would capture some Japanese-held islands and then
continue on to others. Each island that was captured was a stepping stone
towards Japan.
• On August 7,1942 U.S. Marines landed on Guadalcanal -an island in the
south Pacific
• Burdened by hunger and disease, American troops fought a grueling battle
for six months until they gained control of the island.
Navajo Soldiers and Island Hopping
• Navajo soldiers made a key contribution to the island hopping campaign.
• The soldiers would radio important messages from island to island in their
own language and when the Japanese intercepted the messages they
were unable to understand them
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/miscnara/mn57
875.jpg
Island Hopping
• In January 1945, US soldiers landed on the Philippian island of Luzon and
then they advanced to Manila
• After close to a month of urban warfare Manila was secured
• MacArthur’s promise to return to the Philippines had been secured
• The Philippian campaign cost 14,000 American lives, 350,000 Japanese
lives, and 100,000 Filipino civilian lives
Japan Holds Firm!
• At the same time of the Philippian campaign island-hopping Marines were
approaching Japan
• The last two stops of this campaign were Iwo Jima and Okinawa
• Iwo Jima occurred in February and cost 6,000 American lives
• Only 1% of Iwo Jima’s Japanese defenders survived
• Okinawa occurred in April and cost 12,000 American lives
• Many of the Japanese soldiers jumped off of cliffs to avoid being captured
Okinawa, Japan
http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/okinawa/
Kamikaze
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Introduced during final days of the war
Based on an ancient code that stated surrender dishonored a warrior
Japanese suicide pilots crashed their planes into American ships in Kamikaze
missions
These missions led to the belief that only a full-scale invasion of the Japanese
islands would force Japan to surrender
Kamikaze suicide pilots
http://images.military.com/pics/kamikaze.jpg
The War In Japan
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Spring of 1945- Japan being bombed by American bombers
» Japan’s coast bombarded by American ships
• Shipping is destroyed
Food shortage affected millions of Japanese
Leaders of Japan still talked about winning
President Truman plans to invade Japan in the fall
The invasion could cost half a million American casualties
July 1945-Truman learns that the atomic bomb has been successfully tested in
New Mexico
The Bombings
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August 6, 1945-American plane drops first atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima,
Japan
In minutes 130,000 people died
Japan refuses to surrender
August 9, 1945-American plane drops second atomic bomb on city of Nagasaki,
Japan
35,000 people died instantly
Besides the immediate deaths in both cities many more people died later from
radiation poisoning
The bombing of Nagasaki, Japan.
http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002722137/
Japan Surrenders!
• August 14, 1945-Japan’s emperor announces
surrender
• This day becomes known as V-J Day
• September 2, 1945-General MacArthur
accepts the surrender
http://www.biography.com/imported/images/Biography/I
mages/Profiles/M/Douglas-MacArthur-9390257-1-402.jpg
Cost of the war?
• About 60 million people
– 400,000 were Americans
– About 40 million or 2/3 were civilians
http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004672832/
Memorial service for American
soldiers that were killed on
Midway Island.
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The Holocaust
Nazism was built on racism and extreme anti-Semitism
During the war Hitler worked on what he called the “final solution to the Jewish
problem” which was an attempt to kill off the enter Jewish population.
Approximately 6 million Jews were killed
Entire families were wiped out
As a result a new word was added to the English language
GENOCIDE- The deliberate attempt to wipe out an entire nation or group of people
Not only the Jews were victims of the Nazis.
Millions of Poles, Slavs, Gypsies, communists, people with mental disabilities, and
people with physical disabilities were also killed.
http://www.history.com/topics/theholocaust/photos#
Death Camps
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Death camps- an efficient system of mass murder
Six death camps were built in Poland.
Railway cattle cars were used to transport millions of people to the death camps.
Gas chambers were used to kill hundreds of people at a time.
Horrifying medical experiments and torture were also used to kill people
Auschwitz
concentration
camp.
http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/images/auschgate.jpg
Liberation
• Allied soldiers were shocked by the sight and smell of the corpses that
were piled up in the death camps.
• The people who survived were like living skeletons.
• An American radio reporter said;
“In another part of the camp they showed me the children, hundreds
of them. Some were only six years old. One rolled up his sleeves, showed me
his number. It was tattooed on his arm. B-6030, it was. The others showed me
their numbers. They will carry them till they die....I could see their ribs
through their thin shirts.” --Edward R. Murrow, PM, April 16, 1945
He then concluded, “I reported what I saw and heard, but only part of it. For
most of it, I have no words.”
War Crimes Trials
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There had never been war crimes trials up to this point in history.
The victors prosecuted leaders of the losing side for the crimes they committed
during the war.
War crimes- wartime acts of cruelty and brutality that are judged to be beyond the
accepted rules of war and human behavior.
The trials took place in Nuremberg, Germany.
Allied judges tried the leaders of the Nazis that were directly connected to the
genocide.
At the first trial twelve defendants were convicted and sentenced to death by
hanging.
Later trials were held in Manila and Tokyo, Japan to prosecute the leaders of the
Japan war machine.
Other Genocides
• 1915-1918 & 1920-1923- The Armenian Genocide resulted in the deaths of up to 1.5
million Armenian deaths, about 500,000 Assyrian deaths, about 350,000 Anatolian
Greek deaths, and the displacement of 8 million of the approximately 9 million
Armenians.
• 1975-1978-The Cambodian Genocide killed 25% of the country’s population in three
years. Approximately 3,314, 768 people died.
• 1992-1995- The Bosnian Genocide was the direct cause of over 100,000 civilian
deaths. Hundreds of thousands more suffered from permanent mental and physical
disabilities as well as effects from torture, homelessness, starvation, and forced
detention.
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Early April through mid-July of 1994 (100 Days)- The Rwandan Genocide killed
500,000 ethnic Tutsis and thousands of Tutsi sympathizers, moderate Hutus, and other
victims. 800,000 to 1,000,000 people were killed and an additional 2,000,000 were
crammed in to disease-filled refugee camps.
• 2003- Present-Darfur Genocide has killed over 300,000 people and displaced more
than 2.7 million
Bibliography
Holocaust Concentration Camps Photo Gallery. A+E Television Networks, LLC. Web. 15 April 2013
http://www.history.com/topics/the-holocaust/photos#
Final Rights. The Library of Congress. Web. 22 April 2013. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004672832
Nagasaki, Japan Under Atomic Bomb Attack. The Library of Congress. Web. 15 April 2013.
http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002722137/
Kamikaze Soldiers. Monster Worldwide. Web. 15 April 2013. http://images.military.com/pics/kamikaze.jpg
Appleman, Roy E., Burns, James M., Gugeler, Russell A. , and Stevens, John. Okinawa: The Last Battle. US Army.
10 Jan. 2013 Web. 22 April 2013. http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/okinawa/
Toledo Cousins, Navajo Indian Code Talkers, July 1943. US Navy. Web. 22 April 2013.
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/miscnara/mn57875.jpg
Synthetic Oil Plant At Zeitz, Germany Destroyed By Americans In Aerial Bombing Operations During World War
Two. The Library of Congress. Web. 15 April 2013. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002722137/
Bibliography
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FAQ. Bosnian Genocide Remembrance. Web. 23 April 2013. http://bosniangenocide.org/index.php/faq
Genocides and Conflicts. William Mitchell College of Law. Web. 23 April 2013.
http://worldwithoutgenocide.org/genocides-and-conflicts