Download WWII Chapter 13 Notes

WWII
Appeasement
In what way did the Treaty of Versailles
establish conditions that led to the
outbreak of WWII?
• A. It called for dissolving the League of Nations, thus
removing an organization for resolving future conflicts
• B. It gave Germany too much power by letting Germany
keep the Alsace-Lorraine region of France
• C. It weakened the Allied countries by making France,
England and Russia reduce the size of their armies
• D. It imposed harsh reparations payments on Germany,
which led to economic and political instability
Leaders in Power
• Great Britain- Neville Chamberlain
• France- Edouard Daladier
• Soviet Union- Joseph Stalin
– Communist
• Italy- Benito Mussolini
– Fascist
• Germany- Adolph Hitler
– Fascist
Germany
• National Socialist German Worker’s Party
– Nazi Party
– Fascism: extreme nationalism with racism
– Wanted Germany to expand and NOT abide by the
Treaty of Versailles
• Adolph Hilter
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writes Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”)
by 1932 the Nazi Party takes control of the Reichstag
1933 Hitler is appointed Chancellor
1934 Hitler becomes president
• Der Fuhrer
Italy
• In 1919 Benito Mussolini founded the
Fascist Party in Italy
– exploited Italians fear of communism
• Fascist militia- Blackshirts
– threatened to march on Rome
– cabinet resigns and king appoints Mussolini
premier
– quickly sets up a dictatorship
– ll Duce- “The Leader”
• In 1936 Hitler and Mussolini form the BerlinRome Axis
Japan
• Economic problems
• Believed Japan was destined to dominate East
Asia
• In September 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria
• Japanese prime minister was assassinated when he
tried to stop the war
• Led by Emperor Hirohito and General Hideki Tojo
(Prime Minister 1941-1944)
United States
• President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)
• Democracy
• Want to remain neutral at first
Soviet Union
• Vladimir Lenin led the Communist Party
After the Russian Revolution
• In 1922 Russian territories become the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
• Lenin died in 1924 and power struggle
began between Leon Trotsky and Joseph
Stalin
– By 1926 Stalin is the new dictator
• Began Five-Year Plans to industrialize
• Family farms were turned into collectivesgovernment owned farms
• Between 1932-1933 10 million peasants died
• Stalin targeted political enemies, artists,
intellectuals
– used concentration camps (Gulags) in the Arctic
– between 8-10 million people died by 1953
France
• Edouard Daladier- Prime Minister at the
beginning of the war
• Replaced in 1940 by Paul Reynaud
• Charles DeGualle led the “Free French”
forces
– Becomes leader after the war
Great Britain
• Neville Chamberlain is Prime Minister at
the beginning of the war
• Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister
in 1940
Exit Slip
• Which nations did dictators govern in the
years after WWI?
Answer
• Italy
• USSR
• Germany
Which would be the most credible primary
source about conditions in Nazi
concentration camps during the Holocaust?
• A. a novel set in a concentration camp
• B. an account of camp life by a survivor of
a concentration camp
• C. a 1942 movie produced by the German
government depicting concentration camp
activities
• D. a film about the camps directed by a
person whose parents were in a
concentration camp
Starter
• What type of government considered the
nation more important than the individual?
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A. dictatorship
B. monarchy
C. fascism
D. democracy
Dr. Seuss Political Cartoon
Appeasement
• Accepting demands in order to avoid
conflict
Rhineland
• Hitler invaded on March 9, 1936
• Treaty of Versailles had banned the German
military from the region
• German military was not prepared for a
fight
• France and Great Britain did nothing
• 1936 Hitler and Mussolini formed an
Berlin-Rome Axis
Austria
• March 1938 Hitler annexed Austria
• Britain and France only protested
Sudetenland
• Was part of Germany
• After WWII it became
part of Czechoslovakia
• Hitler decides he
wants the territory
back because of large
German population
• Sudeten-German Party
is formed in 1935
First Meeting
• In September of 1938 Neville Chamberlain
met with Hitler
• Hitler threatened to invade Czechoslovakia
unless Britain supported Hitler’s plan to
take over the Sudetenland
• Chamberlain would not accept the plan
Munich Conference
• September 29, 1938
• Attended by Great Britain, France,
Germany, and Italy
• Chamberlain and Daladier agree to Hitler’s
plan to prevent war
• October 29, 1938 the German Army enters
Czechoslovakia
Appeasement
• Policy of British Prime Minister Neville
Chamberlain
• Thought by agreeing to the demands of
Hitler and Mussolini he could avoid another
war
• Appeasement would end by 1939 when
Hitler invades the rest of Czechoslovakia
Poland
• On March 31, 1939 Great Britain and
France pledged to support Poland
• Hitler signed a treaty with the Soviet Union
• No longer had to worry about the Soviets
• Invaded Poland on September 1, 1939
• Two days later Great Britain and France
declared war on Germany
Exit Slip
• How did events after WWI lead to
dictatorships?
Answer
• Many nations were dissatisfied with the
Treaty of Versailles, and a worldwide
financial depression made people desperate.
Starter
• Which factor encouraged an American
policy of neutrality during the 1930s?
– A. disillusionment with WWI and its results
– B. decline in the military readiness of other
nations
– C. repeal of prohibition
– D. economic prosperity of the time period
Nazi-Soviet Pact
• Aug 23, 1939: Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression
Pact
– -Hitler and Stalin agree that if Hitler invades
Poland they will split it half
• Germany takes the Western half
• Soviet Union takes the Eastern half
Blitzkrieg
• Military tactic
• “Lightning War”
• Use tanks, artillery, and soldiers moving by
truck and quickly taking Poland
• Poland collapses in a month
• War stalls for a period— “Phony War”
Continued Attacks
• April 9, 1940 Hitler attacks Denmark and
Norway
• May 10, 1940 Hitler attacks Belgium,
Netherlands, and France
• June 14, 1940 Germans reached Paris and
France surrendered
• In 3 months Hitler conquered most of
Western Europe
Vichy Government in France
• Puppet government set up by Germany in the town
of Vichy
• Marshal Philippe Petain is the leader
• Officially neutral in the war, but helped the Nazis
• U.S. recognized the Vichy government
• Charles de Gualle led the Free French forces from
England and the colony of Algiers
• Worked with Allies to free France
Battle of Britain
• 1,000 planes a day attacked Britain
• Royal Air Force (RAF) kept them away
• December 1940 Germany began bombing
London and started 1,500 fires
– “Never in the field of human conflict was so
much owed by so many to so few”- Churchill
• Attacks ended in 1941
• 20,000 had been killed and 73,000 injured
Starter
• What did Hitler call Germany’s quick air
strikes?
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A. Blitzkrieg
B. Kristallnacht
C. Anchluss
D. gestapo
American Response- Isolationism
Isolationism
• A national policy of avoiding involvement
in world affairs
Neutrality Acts
• Americans were disillusioned by WWI
• Many thought the U.S. had enough of its own
problems
• From 1935-1939 Congress passes a series of
Neutrality Acts
– U.S. would withhold weapons and loans from all
nations at war
– All nonmilitary goods sold to them had to be
transported by them
• “Cash and Carry” Policy
Neutrality Act of 1939
• Allowed France and Great Britain to buy
weapons from the U.S. on a cash-and-carry
basis
• Later allowed them to be transported on
U.S. merchant ships
Involvement Grows
• September 1940 FDR traded 50 destroyers
to Britain for the ability to build permanent
bases on British territory
• Selective Service Act (1940)- required all
males 21-36 to register for the draft
Lend-Lease Act
• March 1941
• Allowed the president to aid any country or
nation whose defense was vital to America’s
security
• “Great arsenal of democracy”
Atlantic Charter
• Aug. 1941
• Churchill and Roosevelt
• Agreement that committed both to a
postwar world of democracy, nonaggression, free trade, economic
advancement, and freedom of the seas
• Roosevelt developed a “shoot-on-sight”
policy toward German submarines
• by the end of 1941 several U.S. destroyers
had been fired upon
– the Reuben James sank, killing 115
Exit Slip
• Why did many American support
isolationism?
Answer
• They felt that remaining apart from
European conflicts would avoid another
war.
Starter
• With which country did Germany sign a
non-aggression pact?
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A. Czechoslovakia
B. Austria
C. Soviet Union
D. All of the above
War in Europe
Why did Britain and France
declare war on Germany in 1939?
• A. The German army invaded Poland
• B. Germany violated the Versailles Treaty
• C. Hitler broke his agreement not to take
over the Sudentenland
• D. The Lend-Lease Act supplied Britain
with ships and supplies
Battle of Stalingrad
• June 1942 Germans began advancing into the
Soviet Union
– Scorched earth policy as they retreated
• September 1942 Germans began bombing the city
– Lasted 2 months
– Jan 31, 1943 Germans surrendered
– Winter was too hard on Germany
• Lost 330,000 troops
• Turning point of the war in the east
D-Day
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June 6, 1944
Largest landing by sea
4,600 invasion craft and warships deployed
1,000 bombers went ahead
23,000 British and American soldiers were
dropped in behind
• 150,000 troops came on shore along 60
miles of Normandy coast
• Omaha Beach- allies had 2,000 casualties
• Within a week 500,000 men came ashore
• By the end of July there were 2 million
Allied troops in France
Battle of the Bulge
• Late August 1944 American troops liberated
Paris
• Britain and Canada freed Belgium
• By September Allies attacked Holland and
crossed the western border of Germany
• Germans launched a counter-attack in
Belgium and Luxembourg in Dec. 1944
– Battle of the Bulge
• Largest battle in Western Europe in WWII
• Involved 600,000 American GIs
– 80,000 were killed, wounded or captured
• Germans lost 100,000
• Germans knew the war was lost
North Africa
• October 1935 Italy invades Ethiopia
• Beginning in August 1940 Great Britain, Italy, and
Germany were fighting in North Africa
• November 1942 Great Britain won at El Alamein
in Egypt
• British and U.S. troops land in Morocco and
Algeria
• May 1943 Germans are forced to surrender when
allies reach Tunisia
Casablanca Conference
• Churchill and Roosevelt meet in January
1943
• Plan for the rest of the war
• Decide to focus on Europe then the Pacific
• Will only accept unconditional surrender of
Germany, Italy, and Japan
Italy
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July 1943 American attack Sicily
Take it in 38 days
Mussolini is overthrown
By September new government surrenders
German troops in Italy continue to fight
Battle of Anzio- Allies capture Rome
April 1945 German troops in Italy surrender
Berlin
• By 1944 British and American forces began
conducting air raids in Germany to prepare
for invasion
• Soviets fought into Berlin in April 1945
• April 25, 1945 Americans and Soviets meet
on the Elbe River
V-E Day
• May 1 Hitler commits suicide
• May 8, 1945 Germany surrenders
• Yalta Conference: February 1945 Roosevelt,
Stalin, and Churchill meet at Yalta in S.U.
– Agree to split Germany into 4 zones & split Berlin
– Stalin promised to allow elections in nations the Soviets
had liberated from Germany
– Also promised to enter war in the Pacific
Yalta Conference
Division of Germany
War in the Pacific
What did Hitler call Germany’s
quick air strikes?
• A. Blitzkrieg
• B. Kristallnacht
• C. Anschluss
• D. Gestapo
Japan
• Japan wanted and needed raw materials and
land for growing population
• 1931 Japan attacked Manchuria (northern
China)
• 1937 Japan increased attacks against China
• By 1940 Japan controlled most of eastern
China
• Began attacks on Southeast Asia and the
Dutch East Indies
• July 1940: Congress gave FDR the power to
limit the sale of strategic materials
– airplane fuel, scrap iron
• September 1940 Japan joined the Axis
powers
American Response
• 1938 -FDR begins building up the Navy in
the Pacific
• 1939 - moved the Pacific fleet to Pearl
Harbor from San Diego
Pearl Harbor
• 1941 Japan took control of French colonies
in Indochina
– FDR froze Japanese assets in the U.S. and cut
off trade
• Oct. 1941 Gen. Hideki Tojo became Prime
Minister
• U.S. warned them against taking more
territory and demanded they move out of
conquered land and pact with axis
Pearl Harbor
• December 7, 1941Japan attacked with 180
planes
• Lasted 2 hours
• 2,400 Americans were killed
• 1,800 wounded
• 188 planes destroyed
• 18 ships sunk
• U.S. was finally forced to enter the war
Germany Declares War
• On December 11, Germany and Italy
declare war on the U.S.
Fall of the Philippines
• A few hours after Pearl Harbor the Japanese
attacked American airfields in the
Philippines
• U.S. is forced to retreat
Starter
• In a dictatorship, power is most likely
acquired through
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A. a free election
B. military force
C. presidential appointment
D. an inherited position
Bataan Death March
• May 6, 1942 Americans and Filipinos
surrender on the Bataan Peninsula
• 78,000 became prisoners of war
• Japanese marched them for 6-12 days to the
railroad to be taken to prison camps
• 10,000 died on the way
• America didn’t know until 3 years later
when prisoners escaped
Doolittle Raid on Tokyo
• April 18, 1942
• B-25 bombers bombed Japan for the first
time
• B-25s could attack from farther away but
could not land on the aircraft carriers
• would have to land in China
The Battle of the Coral Sea
• March 1942: U.S. decoded messages about
Japan’s plans to attack New Guinea
• Carriers Yorktown and Lexington
intercepted the Japanese and prevented the
attack
• Kept supply lines to Australia open
Battle of Midway
• June 4, 1942
• Japanese hoped to destroy the rest of the
Pacific fleet by engaging in battle at
Midway (island northwest of Hawaii)
• American planes found them while they
were loading bombs
• Japan lost 4 carriers and 250 planes
– Crippled the Japanese navy
Island-Hopping in the Pacific
• In order to defeat Japan the U.S. began
“hopping” from one island to the next to get
closer to Japan
• Also, take the Soloman Islands, New
Guinea, and the Philippines
• Many died because soldiers were forced to
wade ashore because the water was too
shallow for ships
Iwo Jima
• Island 700 miles from Japan
• November 1944 Americans began bombing
Tokyo
• Over 74 days Americans dropped 7,000 tons
of bombs & 20,000 shells
• February 19, 1945 Marines landed on
beaches
• Took a month to capture the island
• 25,000 casualties
Firebombing
• U.S. began dropping bombs filled with
napalm
– designed to explode and start fires
• Killed more than 80,000 people
• by the end of June 1945 much of Japan’s
largest cities had been destroyed
Okinawa
• April to June 1945
• 350 miles from Japan- much closer than
Iwo Jima
• Suffered 50,000 casualties
– 12,000 died
• Left Japan open for attack
Starter
• Japanese suicide pilots were known as
_____ pilots.
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A. Shinto
B. Samurai
C. Kamikaze
D. Amphtrac
Manhattan Project
• August 1939 Albert Einstein wrote a letter
to FDR saying a bomb could be built and
that the Germans might already be working
on one
• 1942- Italian scientist, Enrico Fermi
discovered the reaction they would need
• July 16, 1945 tested it in New Mexico
• Robert Oppenheimer headed project
Final Decision
• FDR died in April 1945 and Harry Truman took
over
• August 6, 1945 the bomb was dropped on
Hiroshima- Little Boy
– 140,000 died in explosion and in the months
after
• 3 days later it was dropped on Nagasaki- Fat
• Man
• August 14, 1945 Japan accepted the U.S. terms for
surrender
– V-J Day
Starter
• What was the code name for the plan to
build the atomic bomb?
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A. Manhattan Project
B. Doolittle Raid
C. Operation Overlord
D. V-J Day