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Chapter 16: World War Looms Section 1: Dictators Threaten World Peace Standards 11.7 Students analyze America's participation in World War II. .1 Examine the origins of American involvement in the war, with an emphasis on the events that precipitated the attack on Pearl Harbor. .4 Analyze Roosevelt's foreign policy during World War II (e.g., Four Freedoms speech). Objectives Following lecture and reading of this section, students will be able to: 1. Characterize the government that took power in Russia, Italy, Germany, and Japan after World War I 2. Describe America’s return to isolationism in the 1930s Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia Failures of the World War I Peace Settlement Treaty of Versailles caused anger & resentment in Europe Germany upset about: Being blame for war (war guilt clause) Losing colonies & border territories Russia upset about: Losing lands that were used to create other nations European Democracies Fail Newly established democracies failed in post WWI Europe Social & economic problems Social- no democratic tradition; the people did not understand how to create effective change Economic- much of Europe especially Germany, and Russia experienced depression following WWI Dictators rose to power driven by nationalism & a desire for more territory Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) Benito Mussolini (Italy) Adolf Hitler (Germany) Stalin Transforms the Soviet Union 1922; Lenin established the Soviet Union after civil war (Russian Revolution) 1924 Joseph Stalin took over: Replaced private farms with collectives Soviet Union became second largest industrial power (U.S. was 1st) Famines killed millions Purges anyone who threatens his power; 8–13 million killed Establishes a totalitarian government A gov’t which exerts complete control over people The Rise of Fascism in Italy Unemployment & inflation lead to bitter strikes in Italy; some communist-led Middle, Benito upper classes want stronger leadership Mussolini Fascist dictator that played on people’s fears of economic collapse & communist revolution Fascism- stresses nationalism & needs of the state above individual Supported 1922; by government officials, police, army appointed head of government & established totalitarian state Nazis Take Over Germany Adolf Hitler Leader of National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NAZI) Mein Kampf “my stuggle”- (written in jail) Basic beliefs of Nazism; extreme nationalism Goals: Unite German-speaking people Enforce racial “purification” Hitler Takes Control 1932, 6 million unemployed Many men joined Hitler’s private army Nazis become strongest political party in Germany Hitler Hitler named chancellor dismantles the government democratic Establishes 1,000 Weimar Republic Third Reich year Reich Militarists Gain Control in Japan 1931; Japanese Nationalist military leaders seize Manchuria, China League of Nations condemns action Japan quits League The Japanese Nationalist military leaders seize control of the Japanese government Aggression in Europe and Africa Hitler then sends troops into Rhineland Germany 1933; Hitler quits League of Nations Following the Japanese example Hitler saw the League of Nations do nothing to Japan for its violations 1935; Hitler begins military buildup of Germany Violation of the Treaty of Versailles League of Nation does nothing to stop Hitler Italy 1935; League fails to stop Mussolini’s invasion of Ethiopia Ethiopian emperor, “It is us today, it will be you tomorrow.” Civil War Breaks Out in Spain 1936; General Francisco Franco rebels against the Spanish republic (established government) Spanish Civil War begins Hitler (Germany) & Mussolini (Italy) support Franco Stalin (USSR) aided Spanish Republic Western democracies (U.S., France, UK = neutral) SC Abraham Lincoln Brigade- 3,000 U.S. go & fight! War leads to Rome-Berlin Axis Alliance between Italy and Germany 1939; Franco wins Spanish Civil War Franco becomes fascist dictator of Spain Americans Cling to Isolationism Reports surface about profits of banks, arms dealers during WW I Known U.S. as the “merchants of death” Public was outraged Anti-war sentiment; big time isolationism FDR forced to back off of open foreign policy because of possible entanglements 1935; Neutrality Acts Outlawed loaning money & selling weapons to nations at war, or involved in civil war Idea was to keep U.S. out of future wars Neutrality Breaks Down 1937; Japan launched a new attack on China FDR sent U.S. aid to China Violation FDR found a loop hole Japan had not formally declared war on China No FDR on Neutrality Acts? need to enforce Neutrality Acts was against isolationism FDR wanted to isolate the aggressor nations and confront them early to stop the spread of war FDR was criticized by isolationist newspapers Accused of leading the nation into war.